A 3 year old girl presented with abdominal distention since birth with developmental delay

This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below: A 3 year old girl, 3rd issue of consanguineous parents from the Feni District (south part of Bangladesh) immunized as per EPI schedule presented at the outpatient department with the history of progressive abdominal distension and not growing well since birth. She had also the history of developmental delay and recurrent respiratory tract infection. Still she can not stand without the support and unable to make a sentence completely. Her brother died at 5 months of age with abdominal distention with unknown cause. She had no history of jaundice, hematemesis, melena, convulsion and craving for food

A 3 year old girl presented with abdominal distention since birth with developmental delay

This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below: A 3 year old girl, 3rd issue of consanguineous parents from the Feni District (south part of Bangladesh) immunized as per EPI schedule presented at the outpatient department with the history of progressive abdominal distension and not growing well since birth. She had also the history of developmental delay and recurrent respiratory tract infection. Still she can not stand without the support and unable to make a sentence completely. Her brother died at 5 months of age with abdominal distention with unknown cause. She had no history of jaundice, hematemesis, melena, convulsion and craving for food

Non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis in children with chronic hepatitis B by transient elastography

Background Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is one of the most alarming global health problems. Children with CHB mostly remain asymptomatic but serious sequelae like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma may develop at any age. Liver biopsy, despite being the gold standard,  is not preferable for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis because it is invasive and painful. Transient elastography, a noninvasive marker for fibrosis, could play an important role in this disease. Objective To observe the role of transient elastography in the assessment of the progression  of liver damage  in children with chronic hepatitis B. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at The Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were a total of 55 cases of CHB. Besides proper clinical history, physical examination, and initial investigation, transient elastography was performed in all of the cases. Liver biopsy was taken in 20 patients with raised serum ALT level after taking proper consent. Elastographic findings were compared with clinical, biochemical, virological, and histological findings. Results The mean age was 11.46  (SD 3.6) years and 68.7% were male. Most (65.4%) of the patients were asymptomatic at presentation and biochemically normal. Liver stiffness measurements had positive but insignificant correlation with liver biopsy (r=0.43, P=0.06). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, diagnostic accuracy for transient elastography were 80%, 53.3%, 36.3%, 88%, and 60% respectively. Areas under the  ROC curve were 0.76 (95%CI 0.47 to 1.0) for patients with significant fibrosis (F? 2). Using a cut off value of 8.05 kPa, patients with significant fibrosis were detected with a sensitivity, specificity of 80% and 53%, respectively. Findings of transient elastography were significantly associated with clinical findings like anaemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, stigmata of CLD and biochemical findings like  serum ALT, AST as well as  virological parameters. Conclusion  Transient elastography has a limited role in confirming a diagnosis of significant fibrosis. But because of good sensitivity, transient elastography can be used as an initial presumptive diagnostic tool for assessing significant hepatic fibrosis.  A cut off value of less than 8.05 in transient elastography can be used for exclusion of significant fibrosis

Equulites leuciscus Gunther 1860

Equulites leuciscus (Günther 1860) Figures 1 and 2 b (Group B), Table 1. Equula leuciscus Gunther, 1860: 503 (Ambon Island, Moluccas Islands, Indonesia). Photoplagios leuciscus (Gunther, 1860): Sparks et al., 2005; Sparks and Chakrabarty, 2007; Chakrabarty and Sparks, 2008 Diagnosis. Equulites leuciscus can be distinguished from all other leiognathids by the following combination of features: a rhomboid shaped body (> 38 % BD); a dorsal flank pattern of dark, thin to broad semicircular and oval shapes, a markedly elongate 2 nd dorsal fin spine, a translucent triangular lateral flank patch in males that does not reach the pectoral-fin base or comprise a continuous or broken midlateral stripe. Equulites leuciscus can be further distinguished from E. elongatus and E. rivulatus by possessing a much deeper body (38-47 % vs. 12.5-29.7 % of SL) and from E. laterofenestra and E. klunzingeri by a translucent flank patch in males that does not reach the pectoral fin axil. The triangular lateral flank patch of males in E. leuciscus easily distinguishes it from E. antongil, E. stercorarius, and E. moretoniensis, all of which have a continuous or broken midlateral stripe. Description. Equulites leuciscus is a medium-sized, elongate, and rhomboid-shaped ponyfish. The dorsal and ventral profiles are equally convex. The lower jaw profile is straight. The dorsal head profile is straight from the area dorsal to the orbit to the dorsal-fin origin. The lips are thin and not fleshy. The posterior margin of the maxilla is exposed and reaches a vertical through the anterior part of the orbit. The teeth are small and conical. The head is asquamate, whereas the remainder of the body (including the nuchal region) is scaled. In males, an expansive triangular, translucent patch, forming more or less an equilateral triangle, is present on the midflank. The base of the triangle is located parallel and slightly ventral to the midline of the body, and the vertex is located slightly dorsal to the anal-fin origin. The entire body is silvery, due to heavy guanine deposition. Pigmentation pattern on the dorsal flank comprises dark, thin to broad semicircular and oval shapes. There are 10 precaudal and 13 caudal vertebrae (including the ural centrum). There are eight dorsalfins spines and 16 rays in all individuals. There are three anal-fin spines and 14 rays in all individuals. The 2 nd dorsal-fin spine is markedly longer than the remaining spines. The 2 nd dorsal-fin spine may be up to twice the length of the 3 rd spine and equal to or greater than the body depth, although these spines are broken in many individuals.Published as part of Chakrabarty, Prosanta, Chu, Jeanette, Nahar, Luthfun & Sparks, John S., 2010, Geometric morphometrics uncovers a new species of ponyfish (Teleostei: Leiognathidae: Equulites), with comments on the taxonomic status of Equula berbis Valenciennes, pp. 15-24 in Zootaxa 2427 on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19464

Equulites Fowler 1904

<i>Equulites</i> Fowler 1904 <p> <i>Equulites</i> is distinguished from all genera of Leiognathidae by the combination of an expansive translucent lateral stripe, triangular, cornucopia-shaped or trapezoidal patch on the flank in males, and a pigmentation pattern on the dorsal flank comprising speckles and vermiculate markings or broad oblong markings that occasionally form open circular patterns. This genus is also diagnosed by the presence of dorsolateral lobes of the light organ that are hypertrophied and extend posteriorly into the gas bladder and lateral clearing of the silvery lining of the gas bladder. Members of this genus, as in other sexually dimorphic leiognathid genera, are extremely morphologically conservative, with few features to distinguish between female and juvenile specimens of member species.</p>Published as part of <i>Chakrabarty, Prosanta, Chu, Jeanette, Nahar, Luthfun & Sparks, John S., 2010, Geometric morphometrics uncovers a new species of ponyfish (Teleostei: Leiognathidae: Equulites), with comments on the taxonomic status of Equula berbis Valenciennes, pp. 15-24 in Zootaxa 2427</i> on page 17, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/194645">10.5281/zenodo.194645</a&gt

Equulites absconditus Chakrabarty and Sparks, new sp.

Equulites absconditus Chakrabarty and Sparks, new sp. Figures 2 (Group A) and 5, Table 1, 2 Leiognathus berbis Shen, 1984 a: 57, Fig. 318 - 9, Pl. 57; Shen, 1984 b: 262; Shen and Lin, 1985: 135, Fig. 11; Chen and Yu, 1986: 530; Shen, 1993: 344, 705, Pl. 94.5. Holotype. AMNH 249306, 74.0 mm SL, adult male; Taiwan: Market at Tonshi: 23 ° 27 ’ 10.1 ”N, 120 ° 08’ 19.3 ”E: PC-JSS-MKT-06-06: P. Chakrabarty, J.S. Sparks, Joker K.H. Chiu, P. Tai-An, 22 March 2006. AMNH 239270, n= 1, male, 75.2 mm, Taiwan, Chi Fish market at Tonshi, 23 ° 27 ’ 10 ”N, 120 ° 8 ’ 19 ”E, collected by J.S. Sparks, P. Chakrabarty, Joker H.K. Chiu, P. Tai-An, 22 March 2006; AMNH 242666, n= 97, mixed sexes, 79.6–98.2 mm, Taiwan, Ko-Zi-Leow fish Market, 22 ° 43 ’ 37.9 ”N, 120 ° 15 ’ 18.3 ” E, collected by local fishermen, P.Chakrabarty, Y. Ho; 27 March 2007; LSUMZ 13236, n= 1, female, 73.1 mm SL, Taiwan: Market at Tonshi: 23 ° 27 ’ 11.0”N, 120 ° 08’ 17.8 ”E: TW-08- 3: P.C. Chakrabarty, H.C. Ho, 14 November 2008; LSUMZ 13339, n= 21, all females, 67.2–83.6 mm SL, Taiwan: Market at Wuchi: 24 ° 17 ’ 40.6 ”N, 120 ° 31 ’ 17.8 ”E: TW-08- 1: P.C. Chakrabarty, H.C. Ho, 12 November 2008; NTUM 5698, n= 2; mixed sexes, 77.2–78.3 mm SL, Taiwan, Hsin-Da port, Kaohsiung, 22.87 °N, 120.19 °E, no collector, 16 March 1979. Diagnosis. Equulites absconditus can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of an expansive irregular-pentagonal, translucent flank patch in males and by a strong concavity dorsal to the orbit creating a hump-shaped rise in the dorsal profile that lends the head the appearance of being small and pointed. The new species can be further distinguished from E. elongatus and E. rivulatus by possessing a much deeper body (34–49 % vs. 12.5–29.7 % of SL) and from E. laterofenestra and E. klunzingeri by a translucent flank patch in males that does not reach the pectoral fin. The lack of a markedly elongate 2 nd dorsal-fin spine distinguishes the new species from the other rhomboid shaped congeners, E. klunzingeri, E. laterofenestra, and E. leuciscus. The new species can be further distinguished from E. laterofenestra and E. leuciscus by a dorsal flank pigmentation pattern comprising thin transverse lines versus round semi-circles and oval shapes. The translucent flank patch in males of the new species is similar to that of E. leuciscus in shape and placement (near the midbody and not abutting the pectoral fin), and does not comprise a continuous or broken midlateral stripe as in E. antongil, E. stercorarius, and E. moretoniensis. Description. Equulites absconditus is a medium-sized (typically adults are between 65 and 100 mm SL), elongate, and rhomboid-shaped ponyfish. The dorsal and ventral profiles are equally convex. The snout is pointed and the head is small (<31 % SL and narrow). The lower jaw profile is straight. The mouth protracts strongly ventrally. The dorsal head profile is humped, owing to a rise extending from the region dorsal to the orbit to the dorsal-fin origin. (This humped profile makes the head appear smaller than in congeners.) The lips are thin and not fleshy. The posterior margin of the maxilla is exposed and reaches a vertical through the anterior part of the orbit. The teeth are small and conical, they are numerous, and aligned in several rows. The head is asquamate, whereas the remainder of the body (including the nuchal region) is scaled. In males, an expansive irregular pentagonal, translucent patch (forming more or less the shape of the “home plate” in baseball), is present on the midflank. The base of the pentagon is located slightly ventral and parallel to the body midline and the vertex is located slightly dorsal to the anal-fin origin. Both the second dorsal- and analfin spines are the most elongate, but not markedly longer than the third. There are 10 precaudal and 13 caudal vertebrae (including the ural centrum). There are eight dorsal-fin spines and 16 branched rays. The anal fin has three spines and 14 branched rays. Selected proportional measurements are presented in Table 1 (Group A). Head Length (% SL) 30.4 Body Depth (% SL) 43.5 Predorsal Length (% SL) 44.1 Preanal Length (% SL) 52.6 Prepelvic Length (% SL) 38.2 Head Width (% SL) 12.0 CP Length (% SL) 7.0 CP Width (% SL) 2.6 CP Depth (% SL) 5.0 Pectoral Fin Length (% SL) 21.3 Pelvic Fin Length (% SL) 12.8 Snout Length (% HL) 34.8 Orbit Diameter (% HL) 34.1 Upper Jaw Length (% HL) 45.0 Lower Jaw Length (% HL) 54.1 Interorbital Width (% HL) 35.0 Pigmentation pattern and coloration. The entire body is silvery, owing to uniform, heavy guanine deposition. Pigmentation pattern on the dorsal flank comprises dark, thin transverse lines that follow the contours of the myomeres. In addition, some small circular blotches are present throughout this region, although these blotches are concentrated along the dorsal margin of the flank if present. In life there is a yellowish tint to the posterior margin of the caudal, dorsal and anal fins as well as the midline of the flank and in the pectoral-fin axil. Etymology. From the Latin absconditus meaning hidden or concealed. In reference to the fact that this taxon has been well represented in collections for many years, yet consistently misidentified as members of other species. Taxonomic Status of Equula berbis Valenciennes. Valenciennes based his description of this species entirely on the very brief remarks of Forsskål and not on specimens (1775: 58; Klausewitz and Nielson, 1965). The entire description of Equula berbis (translated from the French) is as follows: “Forskal speaks about a variety of Scomber equula, named in Djidda melliet and Lohaja berbis, which has an elongate body or of lanceolate form, hardly long of a finger, the acute lobes of the tail, the side line finishing under the dorsal, and of which all the fins are bordered of yellow. It gives him for numbers: B. 4; D. 8 / 16; A. 3 / 15; C. 16; P. 16; V. 1 / 5. This description is enough to prove that it is not a variety.” No types of E. berbis are known and the original description [including the earlier comments by Forsskål (1775: 58)] does not serve to diagnose this species on the basis of unique anatomical features or distinguish it from congeners on the basis of a combination of unique attributes. Forsskål’s (1775: 58) remarks serve only to note that this taxon, which he considered to be a variety of Leiognathus (Scomber) equulus (viz., Scomber equula var minimus Forsskål), has a more elongate body than the deep-bodied and more or less disk shaped Leiognathus equulus, a feature that is shared by a majority of ponyfishes. Forsskål also mentions a lateral stripe that terminates ventral to the dorsal fin, but he does not elaborate on whether this stripe appeared opaque or translucent. The majority of leiognathid species possess a lateral stripe of some form (e.g., reflective), although in only a few species is this stripe translucent (e.g., Equulites stercorarius, E. moretoniensis, and E. antongil). The description of Equula oblonga Valenciennes, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835 immediately followed that of E. berbis, with the authors commenting that they would not consider E. oblonga to be different from E. berbis “if it did not have spots about which the Danish naturalist (Forsskål) does not speak”. As “First Reviser”, Günther (1860: 502) synonymized E. berbis with E. oblonga, but without any discussion as to why. Subsequently, and in violation of Article 24 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), Dor (1984: 136) synonymized E. oblonga under E. berbis. Our examination of collections of leiognathids reveals that Equula berbis consistently serves as a “wastebasket species”. Much of the confusion is derived from the fact that Equula berbis was not illustrated by either Forsskål or Valenciennes. In addition, all of the features presented by Valenciennes in the original description of E. berbis are shared with other members of Leiognathidae. Because of these reasons and the fact that there have never been type specimens for comparison, the name must be considered a nomen dubium. Despite the lack of information related to this species, it is currently considered to be one of the most widespread members of the family (Woodland et al., 2001; Woodland in Froese and Pauly, 2009). Reports of this taxon are done without reference to original description and materials and have led to the perpetual buildup of misinformation in the literature. Revisionary systematics demands the examination of type material (if available) and a thorough consultation of the original description, otherwise leiognathid taxonomy will continue to be plagued by similar nomenclatural problems.Published as part of Chakrabarty, Prosanta, Chu, Jeanette, Nahar, Luthfun & Sparks, John S., 2010, Geometric morphometrics uncovers a new species of ponyfish (Teleostei: Leiognathidae: Equulites), with comments on the taxonomic status of Equula berbis Valenciennes, pp. 15-24 in Zootaxa 2427 on pages 18-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19464

An 8½ year old girl presented with pain abdomen with hypertriglyceremia

This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below: A 8 ½ year old girl, 1st issue of non-consanguineous parents, from Norshingdi immunized as per EPI  presented at the outpatient department with the history of abdominal pain for 5 days. The pain was located in the epigastric region and dull in nature. There was no aggravating or relieving factor and no radiation and persisted all the days. The pain had no relation with the food. She had also the history of vomiting for several times for the same  duration which occurred usually after feed and contained food particle and not mixed with blood or bile and it was not projectile

An 8½ year old girl presented with pain abdomen with hypertriglyceremia

This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below: A 8 ½ year old girl, 1st issue of non-consanguineous parents, from Norshingdi immunized as per EPI  presented at the outpatient department with the history of abdominal pain for 5 days. The pain was located in the epigastric region and dull in nature. There was no aggravating or relieving factor and no radiation and persisted all the days. The pain had no relation with the food. She had also the history of vomiting for several times for the same  duration which occurred usually after feed and contained food particle and not mixed with blood or bile and it was not projectile

A 5½ month old girl with ascites

This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below: A 5½ month old girl, 2nd issue of non-consanguineous parents from Jamalpur immunized as per EPI schedule, presented at the outpatient department with the history of abdominal distension since 2 months of her age which gradually increased day by day (Figure 1). She also had  a history of fever for 1 month which was low-grade, intermittent in nature but not documented and subsided after taking antipyretic. She had no history of cough, contact with tuberculosis patient, jaundice, pale stool, diarrhea, scanty micturition,  abdominal trauma or any history of surgery. Her elder brother was healthy and there was no family history of such type illness

A 5½ month old girl with ascites

This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below: A 5½ month old girl, 2nd issue of non-consanguineous parents from Jamalpur immunized as per EPI schedule, presented at the outpatient department with the history of abdominal distension since 2 months of her age which gradually increased day by day (Figure 1). She also had  a history of fever for 1 month which was low-grade, intermittent in nature but not documented and subsided after taking antipyretic. She had no history of cough, contact with tuberculosis patient, jaundice, pale stool, diarrhea, scanty micturition,  abdominal trauma or any history of surgery. Her elder brother was healthy and there was no family history of such type illness