Arabidopsis blue light receptor phototropin 1 undergoes blue light-induced activation in membrane microdomains

Phototropin (phot)-mediated signaling initiated by blue light (BL) plays a critical role in optimizing photosynthetic light capture at the plasma membrane (PM) in plants. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of phot activity at the PM in response to BL remain largely unclear. In this study, by single-particle tracking and step-wise photobleaching analysis we demonstrated that in the dark phot1-GFP proteins remain in an inactive state and mostly present as a monomer. The phot1-GFP diffusion rate and its dimerization increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to BL. In contrast, BL did not affect the lateral diffusion of kinase-inactive phot1 -GFP, whereas it did enhance its dimerization, suggesting that phot1 dimerization is independent of its phosphorylation. Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FRET-FLIM) analysis revealed that the interaction between phot1-GFP and AtRem1.3-mCherry was enhanced along with increased time of BL treatment. However, the BL-dependent interaction was not obvious in plants co-expressing phot1 -GFP and AtRem1.3-mCherry, implicating that BL facilitated the translocation of functional phot1-GFP into AtRem1.3-labeled microdomains to activate phot-mediated signaling. Conversely, sterol depletion attenuated phot1-GFP dynamics, dimerization, and phosphorylation. Taken together, these results indicate that membrane microdomains act as an organizing platform essential for proper function of activated phot1 at the PM

Imputation-Based Whole-Genome Sequence Association Study Reveals Constant and Novel Loci for Hematological Traits in a Large-Scale Swine F2 Resource Population

The whole-genome sequences of progenies with low-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes can be imputed with high accuracy based on the deep-coverage sequences of key ancestors. With this imputation technology, a more powerful genome-wide association study (GWAS) can be carried out using imputed whole-genome variants and the phenotypes of interest to overcome the shortcomings of low-power detection and the large confidence interval derived from low-density SNP markers in classic association studies. In this study, 19 ancestors of a large-scale swine F2 White Duroc × Erhualian population were deeply sequenced for their genome with an average coverage of 25×. Considering 98 pigs from 10 different breeds with high-quality deep sequenced genomes, we imputed the whole genomic variants of 1020 F2 pigs genotyped by the PorcineSNP60 BeadChip with high accuracy and obtained 14,851,440 sequence variants after quality control. Based on this, 87 novel quantitative traits loci (QTLs) for 18 hematological traits at three different physiological stages of the F2 pigs were identified, among which most of the novel QTLs have been repeated in two of the three stages. Literature mining pinpointed that the FGF14 and LCLAT1 genes at SSC11 and SSC3 may affect the MCH at day 240 and MCV at day 18, respectively. The present study shows that combining high-quality imputed genomic variants and correlated phenomic traits into GWAS can improve the capability to detect QTL considerably. The large number of different QTLs for hematological traits identified at multiple growth stages implies the complexity and time specificity of these traits

The Effect of Inflow Distortion on the Rotordynamic Characteristics of a 1400-MW Reactor Coolant Pump Annular Seal

The annular seal between stator and rotor substantively acts as a bearing that affects the rotordynamic characteristic of the turbomachinery rotor system. The rotor wake turbulence in a canned motor Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP) will lead to inflow pressure distortion at the annular seal entrance, thus further affecting the seal rotordynamic characteristics and threatening the stable operation of RCP. In order to obtain the seal rotordynamic coefficients, a transient numerical method applies the mesh deformation technique to simulate the multiple-frequency elliptical rotor whirling orbit model. The transient solutions were proposed to solve the unsteady reaction forces of annular seals at five excitation frequencies for each case. The inflow pressure distortion patterns were simplified as harmonic functions, including two important influence parameters that are impeller blades number m and pressure fluctuation ratio λ. The numerical results showed that with nonuniform time-averaged pressure distribution at the entrance of the annular seal in Case 2, the inflow distortion significantly affects the seal rotordynamic coefficients, while the rotational spinning speed in Case 3 can weaken the time-averaged nonuniformity and accordingly make a dent in the influence. Increasing impeller blades number m and pressure fluctuation λ both result in a sharp diminution of the negative stiffness Keff, as well as an obvious increase in the effective damping Ceff, which will strengthen rotor misalignment and system stability. In addition, the larger impeller blades number m and higher pressure fluctuation λ will make the effective damping Ceff more independent of the whirling frequency. These results provide theoretical guidance for the operation safety of RCP

Ostreid Herpesvirus-1 Infects Specific Hemocytes in Ark Clam, Scapharca broughtonii

High levels of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) were detected in hemocytes of OsHV-1 infected mollusks. Mollusk hemocytes are comprised of different cell types with morphological and functional heterogeneity. Granular cells are considered the main immunocompetent hemocytes. This study aimed to ascertain if OsHV-1 infects specific types of hemocytes in ark clams. Types of hemocytes were first characterized through microexamination and flow cytometry. In addition to a large group of red cells, there were three types of recognizable granular cells in ark clams. Type II granular cells were mostly found with OsHV-1 infection by transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination, and represented the hemocyte type that was susceptible to OsHV-1 infection. The subcellular location of OsHV-1 particles in apoptotic type II granular cells was further analyzed. Some OsHV-1 particles were free inside the apoptotic cells, which may contribute to OsHV-1 transmission among cells in the host, some particles were also found enclosed inside apoptotic bodies. Apoptosis is an important part of the host defense system, but might also be hijacked by OsHV-1 as a strategy to escape host immune attack. Following this investigation, a primary culture of type II granular cells with OsHV-1 infection would facilitate the research on the interaction between OsHV-1 and mollusk hosts

All that glitters is not gold: Recent progress of alternative counter electrodes for perovskite solar cells

Although ultrahigh power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 22.7% has been achieved by solution-processable perovskite solar cells (PSCs), there are still some obstacles that hinder the way of this promising photovoltaic technology to its commercialization. One of the problems is that most of the state-of-art PSCs are dependent on the use of noble metal gold (Au) or silver (Ag) as a counter electrode (CE), while Au is costly, Ag is very unstable. CE plays a vital role in cell device efficiency and stability and affects the final cost of device or module. In this review, the efforts to seek low-cost and promising CEs for commercialization were first comprehensively summarized. Recent developments of non-(noble)-metal CEs used in PSCs were reviewed. An overview of materials, fabrication methods, and corresponding device performance of various non-(noble)-metal CEs are provided. A balanced discussion and comparison of efficiency, cost, and stability of different CEs are provided

Iron Regulatory Protein 1 Inhibits Ferritin Translation Responding to OsHV-1 Infection in Ark Clams, Scapharca Broughtonii

Elemental iron is an indispensable prosthetic group of DNA replication relative enzymes. The upregulation of ferritin translation by iron regulatory proteins (IRP1) in host cells is a nutritional immune strategy to sequester available iron to pathogens. The efficient replication of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), a lethal dsDNA virus among bivalves, depends on available iron. OsHV-1 infection was found to trigger iron limitation in ark clams; however, it is still an enigma how OsHV-1 successfully conducted rapid replication, escaping host iron limitations. In this study, we identified the IRP1 protein (designated as SbIRP-1) in the ark clam (Scapharca broughtonii) and found it could bind to the iron-responsive element (IRE) of ferritin (SbFn) mRNA based on electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Knockdown of SbIRP-1 expression (0.24 ± 1.82-fold of that in NC group, p < 0.01) by RNA interference resulted in the accumulation of SbFn in hemocytes (1.79 ± 0.01-fold, p < 0.01) post-24 h of enhanced RNA interference injection. During OsHV-1 infection, SbFn mRNA was significantly upregulated in hemocytes from 24 h to 60 h, while its protein level was significantly reduced from 24 h to 48 h, with the lowest value at 36 h post-infection (0.11 ± 0.01-fold, p < 0.01). Further analysis by RNA immunoprecipitation assays showed that OsHV-1 could enhance the binding of SbIRP-1 with the SbFn IRE, which was significantly increased (2.17 ± 0.25-fold, p < 0.01) at 36 h post-infection. Consistently, SbIRP-1 protein expression was significantly increased in hemocytes from 12 h to 48 h post OsHV-1 infection (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the results suggest that OsHV-1 infection could suppress post-transcriptional translation of SbFn through the regulation of SbIRP-1, which likely contributes to OsHV-1 evasion of SbFn-mediating host iron limitation

Evaluation of Drifting Snow Susceptibility Based on GIS and GA-BP Algorithms

Drifting snow, the flow of dispersed snow particles near ground level under the action of wind, is a major form of snow damage. When drifting snow occurs on railways, highways, and other transportation lines, it seriously affects their operational safety and results in drifting snow disasters. Drifting snow disasters frequently occur in the high latitudes of northwest China. At present, most scholars are committed to studying the prevention and control measures of drifting snow, but the prerequisite for prevention is to effectively evaluate the susceptibility of drifting snow along railways and highways to identify areas with a high risk of occurrence. Taking the Xinjiang Afukuzhun Railway as an example, this study uses a geographic information system (GIS) combined with on-site monitoring and surveys to establish a drifting snow susceptibility evaluation index system. The drifting snow susceptibility index (DSSI) is calculated through the weight of an evidence (WOE) model, and a genetic algorithm backpropagation (GA-BP) algorithm is used to obtain optimised evaluation index weights to improve the accuracy of model evaluation. The results show that the accuracies of the WOE model, WOE backpropagation (WOE-BP) model, and weight of evidence genetic algorithm backpropagation (WOE-GA-BP) model are 0.747, 0.748, and 0.785, respectively, indicating that the method can be effectively applied to evaluate drifting snow susceptibility

Evaluation of Rosmarinic Acid on Broiler Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry, Liver Antioxidant Activity, and Muscle Tissue Composition

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different doses of rosmarinic acid (RA) on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices, liver antioxidant activity, and muscle nutritional component of broiler chickens during 1–20 days of age. A total of 1000 1-day-old Cobb 500 white-feathered broilers were divided into five groups. Each group included four replicates and 50 birds per replicate. The control group was the basic fodder group fed with a basal diet. The experimental groups included four levels of RA (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg RA added to the basal diet, respectively). The results showed that a quadratic increase in final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) and a quadratic decrease in the feed/gain (F/G) ratio were observed with increasing dietary RA levels. At 200 mg/kg RA supplementation, growth performance was significantly improved. Moreover, under this RA treatment, the highest levels of total protein and globulin were detected in the serum, the activities of total superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver of broilers were significantly increased, and the malondialdehyde content was significantly decreased, indicating a higher antioxidant capacity of the liver when 200 mg/kg RA was added to the basal diet. The flavor of the muscle meat was improved by dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg RA. Therefore, adding 200 mg/kg of RA to the diet could significantly improve the growth performance of broilers, improve liver antioxidant capacity, and improve muscle quality, etc. The addition of RA to broiler feed as a natural antioxidant has great prospects

Evaluation of Drifting Snow Susceptibility Based on GIS and GA-BP Algorithms

Drifting snow, the flow of dispersed snow particles near ground level under the action of wind, is a major form of snow damage. When drifting snow occurs on railways, highways, and other transportation lines, it seriously affects their operational safety and results in drifting snow disasters. Drifting snow disasters frequently occur in the high latitudes of northwest China. At present, most scholars are committed to studying the prevention and control measures of drifting snow, but the prerequisite for prevention is to effectively evaluate the susceptibility of drifting snow along railways and highways to identify areas with a high risk of occurrence. Taking the Xinjiang Afukuzhun Railway as an example, this study uses a geographic information system (GIS) combined with on-site monitoring and surveys to establish a drifting snow susceptibility evaluation index system. The drifting snow susceptibility index (DSSI) is calculated through the weight of an evidence (WOE) model, and a genetic algorithm backpropagation (GA-BP) algorithm is used to obtain optimised evaluation index weights to improve the accuracy of model evaluation. The results show that the accuracies of the WOE model, WOE backpropagation (WOE-BP) model, and weight of evidence genetic algorithm backpropagation (WOE-GA-BP) model are 0.747, 0.748, and 0.785, respectively, indicating that the method can be effectively applied to evaluate drifting snow susceptibility