2,303 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Demand characteristics confound the rubber hand illusion
Reports of experiences of ownership over a fake hand following simple multisensory stimulation (the ârubber hand illusionâ) have generated an expansive literature. Because such reports might reflect suggestion effects, demand characteristics are routinely controlled for by contrasting agreement ratings for âillusionâ and âcontrolâ conditions. However, these methods have never been validated, and recent evidence that response to imaginative suggestion (âphenomenological controlâ) predicts illusion report prompts reconsideration of their efficacy. A crucial assumption of the standard approach is that demand characteristics are matched across conditions. Here, a quasi-experiment design was employed to test demand characteristics in rubber hand illusion reports. Participants were provided with information about the rubber hand illusion procedure (text description and video demonstration) and recorded expectancies for standard âillusionâ and âcontrolâ statements. Expectancies for control and illusion statements in synchronous and asynchronous conditions were found to differ similarly to published illusion reports. Therefore, rubber hand illusion control methods which have been in use for 22 years are not fit for purpose. Because demand characteristics have not been controlled in illusion report in existing studies, the illusion may be, partially or entirely, a suggestion effect. Methods to develop robust controls are proposed. That confounding demand characteristics have been overlooked for decades may be attributable to a lack of awareness that demand characteristics can drive experience in psychological science
Representation and embodiment: a critique of the philosophy and pedagogy of graphic design and advertising
Area research paper.5.7.01.Includes bibliographic references (page 18)
- âŠ