Some effects of European Courts on national sources of law: the evolution of legality in the Italian legal order

The essay analyses an ongoing tendency that is transforming a traditional cornerstone of constitutional and administrative law in Italy, such as the principle of legality. This progressive makeover is given by the reflections in the internal legal order of the joint effect of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, together with the integration in the European Union, that are producing a progressive shift to a more substantial and comprehensive concept of the \u201crule of law\u201d. The main reason for this seems to derive from the so-called \u201cdemocratic disconnect\u201d that affects the supranational legal orders and weakens the preference traditionally acknowledged to parliamentary legislation. Due also to the low quality of the internal legislation, the Italian Highest Courts are following the hints coming from the outside and both the Court of Cassation and the Constitutional court are slowly embracing a more comprehensive idea of what \u201claw\u201d is, closer to the idea typical of the \u201ccommon law\u201d systems. The results of this evolution are a progressive decline of the formal categories that dominated the literature in the past decades as well as, at the same time, the risk of losing also the democratic meaning of legality, represented by the necessary linkage between the system of sources of law and the form of government. In other words, relocating the role of parliamentary legislation means rethinking the role of Parliaments vis-\ue0- vis both the Government and the courts in the contemporary State. The essay fosters the reflection on this process and on its potential disadvantages for the good functioning of the democracy

I mercati emergenti come sbocco per l'offerta di beni di lusso

Questo articolo si concentra sui mercati emergenti e sul loro rapporto con il mercato dei beni di lusso. Ciascuna economia emergente ha caratteristiche peculiari che rendono il proprio mercato più o meno appetibile per l'investitore estero. Lo studio portato avanti propone una prima parte descrittiva focalizzata sulle economie emergenti ed i loro potenziali di sviluppo futuro. La seconda parte dell'articolo è incentrata sul mercato del lusso nei paesi emergenti e sulle opportunità future di sviluppo di tali mercati. Dalle conclusioni di tale studio emerge che i mercati emergenti si dimostrano essere potenziali mercati strategici per lo sviluppo del settore del lusso

Le peculiarità del mercato del lusso

Questo articolo analizza il mercato del lusso soffermandosi in particolare sulle caratteristiche principali dei prodotti luxury good. Fondamentali sono: l'unicità, il pregio, la qualità eccellente ed il prezzo elevato. Grazie alla legge di Hengel è stato possibile centrare l'indagine sul diverso andamento incrementale dei beni inferiori, normali e di lusso all'aumento della fascia di reddito da parte dei soggetti. Si è posto l'accento su come il mercato del lusso sia quello maggiormente incrementato da parte dei soggetti di fascia alta. Negli ultimi anni a differenza dei beni inferiori e normali, il mercato dei beni di lusso ha subito un incremento del 35,7%

I trend del mercato azionario globale 2008/2014

In questo articolo si affronta il tema del mercato azionario. Esso ha assunto un ruolo crescente nell'ambito del sistema finanziario. La sua caratteristica più importante è la capacità di rappresentare la situazione in cui si trova l'economia reale. L'andamento del mercato azionario può essere influenzato in larga parte dall'andamento dell'economia reale e di conseguenza dalla fiducia degli investitori. L'andamento degli indici a zionari è in grado, nell'arco temporale 2008/2014, di darci un quadro chiaro delle ripercussioni della crisi finanziaria sul mercato azionario. L'articolo è diviso in due parti. La prima descrive il mercato azionario e i fattori che lo influenzano. Nella seconda parte, analitica, vengono presi in esame i tre indici che più rappresentano il reale andamento del mercato azionario, Ftse - mib, Cac40 e S&P500

Information theoretical perspective on the method of Entanglement Witnesses

We frame entanglement detection as a problem of random variable inference to introduce a quantitative method to measure and understand whether entanglement witnesses lead to an efficient procedure for that task. Hence we quantify how many bits of information a family of entanglement witnesses can infer about the entanglement of a given quantum state sample. The bits are computed in terms of the mutual information and we unveil there exists hidden information not \emph{efficiently} processed. We show that there is more information in the expected value of the entanglement witnesses, i.e. $\mathbb{E}[W]=\langle W \rangle_\rho$ than in the sign of $\mathbb{E}[W]$. This suggests that an entanglement witness can provide more information about the entanglement if for our decision boundary we compute a different functional of its expectation value, rather than $\mathrm{sign}\left(\mathbb{E}\right [ W ])$

Dielectric behavior of biopolymer based composites containing multi wall carbon nanotubes: Effect of filler content and aspect ratio

Multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with different aspect ratios (30, 105 and 667) were included in a commercial fully biodegradable blend using melt mixing. Samples of composite systems prepared by hot molding and containing up to 1.2 vol% of MWCNTs were studied by means of DC electrical resistivity and dielectric spectroscopy in order to enhance effect of filler content and aspect ratio on their dielectric behavior. Raman spectroscopic investigations and morphological observations were also performed in order to correlate dielectric behavior with surface carbon nanotubes features and to check the actual level of dispersion of carbon nanotubes under the applied processing conditions. Results emphasized that the carbon nanotubes aspect ratio and their surface regularity determine the electrical properties of composites because they strongly influence percolation thresholds, dielectric permittivity and dissipation factor of produced materials. A satisfying dispersion of the filler seems to be achieved under the employed processing conditions. These preliminary results demonstrates possible applications of this type of biobased systems in many applications going from stress control to devices for high storage energy

Heparanase and Renal Fibrosis

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The Evolving Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of most common cancers and the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Commonly, HCC development occurs in a liver that is severely compromised by chronic injury or inflammation. Liver transplantation, hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), and targeted therapies based on tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors are the most common treatments. The latter group have been used as the primary choice for a decade. However, tumor microenvironment in HCC is strongly immunosuppressive; thus, new treatment approaches for HCC remain necessary. The great expression of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte activating gene 3 protein (LAG-3), and mucin domain molecule 3 (TIM-3), on tumor and immune cells and the high levels of immunosuppressive cytokines induce T cell inhibition and represent one of the major mechanisms of HCC immune escape. Recently, immunotherapy based on the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as single agents or in combination with kinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic drugs, chemotherapeutic agents, and locoregional therapies, offers great promise in the treatment of HCC. This review summarizes the recent clinical studies, as well as ongoing and upcoming trials