Effects of physical activity in child and adolescent depression and anxiety: role of inflammatory cytokines and stress-related peptide hormones

Depression and anxiety are the most common mental illnesses affecting children and adolescents, significantly harming their well-being. Research has shown that regular physical activity can promote cognitive, emotional, fundamental movement skills, and motor coordination, as a preventative measure for depression while reducing the suicide rate. However, little is known about the potential role of physical activity in adolescent depression and anxiety. The studies reviewed in this paper suggest that exercise can be an effective adjunctive treatment to improve depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents, although research on its neurobiological effects remains limited

PO-274 Photobiomodulation Preconditioning Prevents Hypoxia-ischemia Induced Dyscinesia in a Neonatal Rat Model

Objective Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) injury caused by oxygen deprivation is the most common cause of severe neurologic deficits and dyscinesia in neonates. The work was designed to evaluate the preventative effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) preconditioning on HI-induced Dyscinesia in a Neonatal Rat Model, and its underlying mechanism of PBM action on brain damage in a HI model in neonatal rats. Methods 10-day-old neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: (a) control group (animals without ligation); (b) HI group (HI animal with PBM pretreatment); (c) PBM group (HI animal with PBM pretreatment). The hanging wire test and cylinder test were conducted to evaluate the the strength and asymmetry of left (contralateral) paw usage, respectively. The volume shrinkage of the brain was analyzed on postnatal day 29. The neuronal loss, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial fragmentation, cytochrome c release, neuronal apoptosis, dendritic and synaptic injury in hippocampus were tested using the brain collected on postnatal day 16. Results PBM preconditioning significantly attenuated motor function impairment, volume shrinkage, neuron loss, dendritic and synaptic injury after HI. Further mechanistic investigation showed that PBM preconditioning effectively restore HI-induced mitochondrial dynamic changes and inhibit mitochondrial fragmentation, accompanied by a robust suppression of cytochrome c release, and prevention of neuronal apoptosis by inhibition of caspase activation. Conclusions PBM preconditioning can prevent HI induced dyscinesia and brain injury by maintaining mitochondrial dynamics and inhibiting mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. &nbsp

PO-275 Effect of acute photobiomodulation treatment on the recovery of exhaustive exercise-induced motor dysfunction: There is no full text article associated whit this abstract

Objective Photobiomodulation (PBM), originally known as “low-level laser therapy”, has been recognized as an effective methond to relieve pain, reduce inflammtion and improve healing. PBM induces photobiological effect at the the cellular level without thermal and toxic effects. Currently, PBM study on muscle recovery after exercise mainly focouses on the changes of molecular and immunological parameters. This study was designed to analyze the effect of acute PBM treatment on exhaustive exercise-induced behaviorial changes. Methods 1. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=8, each group): Control group without exhaustive exercise (Cont), Exhaustive exercise group (EE) and acute PBM treatment group (APBM). Acute PBM were conducted immediately using a diode laser with continuous wave (CW) at 808 nm (350 mW/cm2) after exhaustive exercise. Each paws were treated using PBM for 2 minutes. Grisp test were performed 24 hours after exhaustive exercise. The grisp strength score and the hanging time on the rope were recorded and analyzed using Sigmastat. Results 1. Signficant decreases of the grisp strength score and the hanging time were observed in the EE group compared with control group. 2. The motor function in the acute PBM treatment group were significantly improved. Conclusions Acute photobiomodulation treatment with 808 nm laser can signicicantly enchance the recovery of exhaustive exercise-induced motor dysfunction . &nbsp

PO-284 Aerobic Exercise Preconditioning Prevents Behavioral Deficits in an Ovariectomized Rat Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Objective Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) occurs in people who suffers reparative shocking, scary, or dangerous event. Evidences demonstrate that PTSD is associated with cognitive decline and depression. In the general population, women tend to show higher incidence of PTSD compared with men. Using the the ovariectomized rat model, the present work was designed to investigate the potential beneficial effect of aerobic exercise on the prevention of PTSD. Methods Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into the following four groups (n = 8-10 in each group): 1) naïve control group; 2) ovariectomized group (OVX), 3) OVX with PTSD group (OVX + PTSD), 4) OVX + exercise group (OVX + Exe), and 5) OVX + PTSD + exercise (OVX + PTSD + Exe). For exercise pretreatment groups, the rats were subjected to 30 min of treadmill exercise (30 min/day, 5 days / week) for continuous 4 weeks. Open field test and elevated plus maze were used to measure behavioral changes from day 59 to day 66. Hippocampal levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level were measured. Results 1. Results of open field and elevated plus maze test revealed that OVX animals exposed to PTSD showed obvious anxiety-like behavior compared to OVX animals without exercise. Intriguingly, anxiety-like behavior in OVX + PTSD group was significantly improved by aerobic exercise pretreatment in ovariectomized animals after PTSD. 2. Hippocampal levels of E2 and BDNF levels in the OVX + Exe group were significantly increased after aerobic exercise compared to these from OVX without exercise group. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that aerobic exercise preconditioning can efficiently prevent anxiety-like behavior in the ovariectomized rats subjected to PTSD, a mechanism could be associate with the increased levels of E2 and BDNF induced by exercise treatment

PO-281 Vibration Training Restores Food Intake and Body Weight in a Rat Model of Depression

Objective Stress is well known to negatively affect body weight and food intake in animal models, but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been well elucidated and effective treatment is lacking. This project was initiated to study the potential beneficial effect of vibration training, a novel neuromuscular training method, in the treatment of depression. Methods Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: 1) naïve control group, 2) depressive disorder group, and 3) depression with vibration training treatment group. To develop a depression phenotype, rats were individually and gently restricted in a modified, well-ventilated tube for 4 h every day for 21 days. Animals in vibration training treatment group were subjected to 30 min of vibration training (30 Hz, 5 days / week) for continuous 5 weeks. Body weight, physical and mental condition, and food intake were recorded daily and the data were statistically analyzed and compared between groups. Results 1. Daily body weight and food intake measurements revealed that both parameters decreased rapidly after the initiating daily restraint stress, compared with control group.  Intriguingly, both body weight and food intake of the depressive disorder group with 5-week vibration training were significantly improved. 2. The secretion of serotonin and dopamine in animals with chronic restraint stress were decreased compared with normal animals, and this attenuation was significantly prevented by vibration training. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that vibration training is capable of restoring food intake and body weight in a rat model of chronic restraint stress-induced depression

Photobiomodulation prevents PTSD-like memory impairments in rats

Abstract: A precise fear memory encoding a traumatic event enables an individual to avoid danger and identify safety. An impaired fear memory (contextual amnesia), however, puts the individual at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the inability to identify a safe context when encountering trauma-associated cues later in life. Although it is gaining attention that contextual amnesia is a critical etiologic factor for PTSD, there is no treatment currently available that can reverse contextual amnesia, and whether such treatment can prevent the development of PTSD is unknown. Here, we report that (I) a single dose of transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM) applied immediately after tone fear conditioning can reverse contextual amnesia. PBM treatment preserved an appropriately high level of contextual fear memory in rats revisiting the “dangerous” context, while control rats displayed memory impairment. (II) A single dose of PBM applied after memory recall can reduce contextual fear during both contextual and cued memory testing. (III) In a model of complex PTSD with repeated trauma, rats given early PBM interventions efficiently discriminated safety from danger during cued memory testing and, importantly, these rats did not develop PTSD-like symptoms and comorbidities. (IV) Finally, we report that fear extinction was facilitated when PBM was applied in the early intervention window of memory consolidation. Our results demonstrate that PBM treatment applied immediately after a traumatic event or its memory recall can protect contextual fear memory and prevent the development of PTSD-like psychopathological fear in rats

Transcranial photobiomodulation prevents PTSDlike comorbidities in rats experiencing underwater trauma

Abstract: Maladaptive fear memory processing after a traumatic event is a major contributor to the development of the comorbidities related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An intervention to normalize this process could be a first-line treatment to prevent PTSD development. However, little progress has been made in identifying interventions that can prevent trauma survivors from developing PTSD. A treatment that could help trauma survivors cope with traumatic memories and decrease the prevalence of PTSD is thus in high demand. This study was designed to investigate the potential beneficial effects of early photobiomodulation (PBM) interventions to prevent PTSD-like comorbidities in animals. PTSD-like comorbidities in rats were induced by an underwater trauma (UWT) procedure, followed by multiple swimming sessions on later days for memory recall. Immediately after UWT and swimming, rats were restrained with or without PBM treatment (808 nm, 25 mW/cm2, 3 J/day). PTSD-like commodities, such as anxietylike behavior, depression-like behavior, and cognitive dysfunction, were reproduced in UWT-rats. These comorbidities, however, could be prevented by early PBM interventions. By measuring the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) as neuronal activity markers, we found that PBM treatment differentially regulated Arc and c-fos expression in the hippocampus and amygdala, two PTSD-related brain regions. Additionally, PBM boosted ATP production and regulated protein expression in the hippocampus following stress. Our results demonstrate that PBM can modulate brain activity in response to traumatic and stressful events and that early PBM intervention can prevent the occurrence of PTSD-like comorbidities in rats

Ecological quality assessment and monitoring using a time-series remote sensing-based ecological index (ts-RSEI)

Ecological quality assessment is fundamental to revealing changes in ecological environments before the development of effective ecological conservation policies. The complex ecological environment can be assessed more reliably when multiple remote sensing indices are integrated, such as in the use of the prevalent Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index (RSEI). However, for effective ecological quality assessment, the requirement of acquisition time consistency for images has become an outstanding issue for broadening the application of the RSEI. In this study, we adjusted the RSEI to the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm that predicts synthetic images instead of real images. Based on this algorithm, we mapped time-series RSEI (ts-RSEI), which provide comparable results for tracing the dynamics of ecological quality at any time. Our major findings are as follows: (1) The RSEI is very sensitive to the timespan of the image acquisition dates, with the Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) of 0.111 (19.2%) when the interval between dates exceeds one month. (2) The ts-RSEI from synthetic images is comparable to the RSEI from real images, with the MAD of 0.075 (10.5%), which is superior to that of two real images with the timespan of half-a-month. (3) For Hangzhou, the ecological quality was maintained for almost the past 35 years (the ts-RSEI changed from 0.679 to 0.705). However, special attention should be paid to the spatial polarization between natural (“better”) and human-dominated (“worse”) environments. The high temporal consistency and the capability of any- time mapping of the ts-RSEI are expected to be of value to policy makers and authorities in implementing effective ecological conservation measures

Mapping Coastal Aquaculture Ponds of China Using Sentinel SAR Images in 2020 and Google Earth Engine

Aquaculture has enormous potential for ensuring global food security and has experienced rapid growth globally. Thus, the accurate monitoring and mapping of coastal aquaculture ponds is necessary for the sustainable development and efficient management of the aquaculture industry. Here, we developed a map of coastal aquaculture ponds in China using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the ArcGIS platform, Sentinel-1 SAR image data for 2020, the Sentinel-1 Dual-Polarized Water Index (SDWI), and water frequency obtained by identifying the special object features of aquaculture ponds and postprocessing interpretation. Our map had an overall accuracy of 93%, and we found that the coastal aquaculture pond area in China reached 6937 km2 in 2020. The aquaculture pond area was highest in Shandong, Guangdong, and Jiangsu Provinces, and at the city level, Dongying, Binzhou, Tangshan, and Dalian had the most aquaculture pond area. Aquaculture ponds had spatial heterogeneity; the aquaculture pond area in north China was larger than in south China and seaside areas had more pond area than inland regions. In addition, aquaculture ponds were concentrated near river estuaries, coastal plains, and gulfs, and were most dense in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and Pearl River Delta. We showed that GEE cloud processing and ArcGIS local processing could facilitate the classification of coastal aquaculture ponds, which can be used to inform and improve decision-making for the spatial optimization and intelligent monitoring of coastal aquaculture, with certain potential for spatial migration