Autophagy regulates the maturation of hematopoietic precursors in the embryo

An understanding of the mechanisms regulating embryonic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development would facilitate their regeneration. The aorta-gonad-mesonephros region is the site for HSC production from hemogenic endothelial cells (HEC). While several distinct regulators are involved in this process, it is not yet known whether macroautophagy (autophagy) plays a role in hematopoiesis in the pre-liver stage. Here, we show that different states of autophagy exist in hematopoietic precursors and correlate with hematopoietic potential based on the LC3-RFP-EGFP mouse model. Deficiency of autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) specifically in endothelial cells disrupts endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT), by blocking the autophagic process. Using combined approaches, including single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), we have confirmed that Atg5 deletion interrupts developmental temporal order of EHT to further affect the pre-HSC I maturation, and that autophagy influences hemogenic potential of HEC and the formation of pre-HSC I likely via the nucleolin pathway. These findings demonstrate a role for autophagy in the formation/maturation of hematopoietic precursors.</p

Chemical Reaction Spectrum: A Holographic Image for Characterizing Multi-component Chemical Mixtures

Abstract: Multi-component chemical mixtures (MCMs) and their various effects always concerned in analytical chemistry, but current analytical techniques based on test-tube experiments often involves many high-cost and laborious operations. Today’s pop machine-learning (ML) technology has exhibited their successes in dealing with the analysis task of various complex systems. Predictably, the introduction of ML will radically accelerate the exploration of many fields involving mixture analysis. But the biggest challenge ahead for this process is how to provide some intelligible and sufficient data for various algorithms. In this study, we proposed a chemical imaging strategy to visualize various mixtures as some feature images by using ink-jet printing technology based on combinatorial chemistry. Here, these feature images were as a novel data form of chemical reaction spectrum (CRS), which can comprehensively describe and record the reaction characteristics of the complex sample. Compared with common imaging methods, the CRS with high-throughput chemical reaction dots is an efficient and economic information visualization way for the MCM sample. It is expected to be an important data acquisition approach for the application of ML in the field of chemistry in future

Area- and Power-Efficient Reconfigurable Architecture for Multifunction Evaluation

In this paper, we propose an area- and power-efficient reconfigurable architecture for multifunction evaluation based on an optimized piecewise linear (PWL) method. The proposed segmentor automatically divides nonlinear functions into the fewest segments with a predefined maximum absolute error (MAE) and fractional bit width of the slope. In addition, a multiplier was optimized via Booth encoding to reduce the number of rows in the partial product matrix. Compressors were used to shorten the critical path. The results of application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementation reveal that all metrics of the proposed architecture are improved for single functions, without any compromise. Moreover, reconfigurable technology was introduced for implementing multiple functions while reusing computing resources. Compared to a corresponding architecture without reuse, the area and power of this reconfigurable architecture are reduced by 37.48% and 45.60%, respectively, at the same frequency

Nonvolatile logic‐in‐memory computing based on solution‐processed CuI memristor

https://doi-org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/10.1002/aelm.202200089Advanced Electronic Materials811220008

Differential effect of whole-ear shading after heading on the physiology, biochemistry and yield index of stay-green and non-stay-green wheat genotypes.

Two winter wheat cultivars (the functional stay-green CN12 and non-stay-green CN19) were used to investigate the effects of ear-shading on grain yield and to elucidate the differential mechanisms of different cultivars. The photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant enzyme activities, and chlorophyll contents were measured 0, 15 and 30 days after heading (DAH) under both shaded and non-shaded conditions. The final grain-yield index was also measured. Shading had a smaller effect on the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and coefficient of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (qN) but a greater effect on both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in CN12 than it did in CN19. Shading slightly altered the timeframe of leaf senescence in CN12 and may have accelerated leaf senescence in CN19. Moreover, shading had only a small effect on the weight of grains per spike (WGS) in CN12 compared with CN19, mainly resulting from the number of grains per spike (NGS) rather than the 1000-grain weight (SGW). In conclusion, the flag leaves of functional stay-green wheat could serve as potential "buffers" and/or "compensators" for ear photosynthesis, which is actively regulated by the antioxidant enzyme system and prevents yield loss. Thus, a functional stay-green genotype could be more tolerant to environmental stress than a non-stay-green genotype

Chemical Reaction Spectrum

We proposed a new method of chemical reaction spectrum (CRS) in terms of chemical characterization, and established a method to fulfill it by combining with 3D chemical printing technology and 2D sampling. The CRS can provide a graphical data set for pure or mixed substances, which can comprehensively describe the reaction characteristics of the research object. Compared with common characterization methods (NMR, UV/vis, IR, Raman, GC or LC), it is more capable of revealing chemical behaviors enough, and is much lower in cost. It is expected to be an important data acquisition approach for the application of artificial intelligence in the field of chemistry in the future

Changes in Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Related Biochemical Parameters in CN12 and CN19 Under Shading.

<p>(A), superoxide dismutase (SOD); (B), catalase (CAT); (C), peroxidase (POD); and (D), malondialdehyde (MDA). The bars represent the mean ± (SE). Asterisks represent statistically significant differences, as follows: **P≤0.01 and *P≤0.05. Letters represent the probability of multiple comparisons of the means of different genotypes and treatments at each time point, as follows: capital letter, P≤0.01; lowercase letter, P≤0.05. An asterisk in the trend line represents the difference between two adjacent time points for the same genotype and treatment.</p

Changes in Chlorophyll Florescence Parameters Between CN12 and CN19 Under Shading.

<p>(A), Maximal photochemical efficiency of PSІІ in dark-adapted leaves (<i>Fv</i> /<i>Fm</i>); (B), efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII reaction centers (<i>Fv’/Fm’</i>); (C), photochemical quenching coefficient (<i>qP</i>); (D), quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII (<i>Ф</i>_PSII); and (E), regulated non-photochemical energy loss in PSII (<i>qN</i>). Bars represent the mean ± (SE). Asterisks represent statistically significant differences, as follows: **P≤0.01 and *P≤0.05. Letters represent the probability of multiple comparisons of the means of different genotypes and treatments at each time point, as follows: capital letter, P≤0.01; lowercase letter, P≤0.05. An asterisk in the trend line represents the difference between two adjacent time points for the same genotype and treatment.</p