(S)-2-(Pyrrolidinium-2-ylmethyl­sulfan­yl)pyridinium dibromide

In the title compound, C10H16N2S2+·2Br−, the pyrrolidine ring displays an envelope conformation, with the flap C atom lying 0.484 (5) Å out of the plane of the rest of the pyrrolidine ring. The thio­ether group connects the pyridine ring and the 2-methyl­pyrrolidine group. Both pyrrolidine NH bonds form hydrogen bonds to the bromide anions. These hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions in a helical chain along the c axis

(S)-1-(2-Ammonio-3-methyl­butyl)-1,2-dihydro­pyridin-2-iminium dibromide

In the title compound, C10H19N3 2+·2Br−, the plane of the three butyl C atoms nearest to the pyridine ring is almost perpendicular to the ring [dihedral angle = 84.80 (2)°]. The N atom of the ammonium group is displaced by 1.150 (8) Å from the plane of these three C atoms. The iminium N atom lies on the opposite side of this plane. The crystal structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the N and Br atoms, as well as by inter­molecular C—H⋯Br inter­actions

Federated Learning for Microwave Filter Behavior Prediction

Deep learning (DL) technologies have been widely investigated to improve the performance of microwave device behavior prediction. Advanced microwave-related DL technologies utilize independent computers to collect data from the electronic design automation (EDA) software. However, it is essential to note that DL requires a vast amount of high-quality training data. Collecting these data from exact simulation meticulous optimization in EDA is exceptionally time-consuming and computationally intensive. A straightforward way to speed up the process is by collecting quality data from distributed radio frequency (RF) designers. However, this approach may not always be feasible due to the need to maintain the confidentiality of sensitive microwave design information. In this letter, we proposed a federated learning (FL) framework for corporately training DL models for microwave filter behavior prediction. The FL framework aggregates knowledge from various designers without sharing their raw data. The primary experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed encrypted FL framework for microwave filter applications with superior accuracy and speed

3-Fluoro-4-(4-hy­droxy­phen­oxy)benzonitrile

The title compound, C13H8FNO2, was synthesized from 3,4-difluoro­benzonitrile and hydro­quinone. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 70.9 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag chains

Sodium 5-amino-1,3,4-thia­diazole-2-thiol­ate dihydrate

There are two 5-amino-1,3,4-thia­diazole-2(3H)-thiolate anions in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, Na+·C2H2N3S2 −·2H2O, which are almost perpendicular to each other [dihedral angle = 84.64 (6)°]. The two Na+ cations are in distorted fourfold coordinations by O atoms of the water molecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by N—H⋯S, O—H⋯N and O—H⋯S hydrogen bonds

(1S,4S,5S,6R)-6-(4-Bromo­phen­yl)-5-nitro­bicyclo­[2.2.2]octan-2-one

The title compound, C14H14BrNO3, contains a bicyclic ring system with four chiral centers. The absolute structure was established by the Flack method

Mitochondria-Localized Glutamic Acid-Rich Protein (MGARP) Gene Transcription Is Regulated by Sp1

Background: Mitochondria-localized glutamic acid-rich protein (MGARP) is a novel mitochondrial transmembrane protein expressed mainly in steroidogenic tissues and in the visual system. Previous studies showed that MGARP functions in hormone biosynthesis and its expression is modulated by the HPG axis. Methodology/principal findings: By bioinformatics, we identified two characteristic GC-rich motifs that are located proximal to the transcription start site (TSS) of MGARP, and each contains two Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding elements. We then determined that the −3 kb proximal MGARP promoter is activated in a Sp1-dependent manner using reporter assays and knockdown of Sp1 led to decreased expression of endogenous MGARP messages. We also demonstrated that one of the two GC-rich motifs, GC-Box1, harbors prominent promoter activity mediated by Sp1, and that it requires both GC boxes for full transcriptional activation. These findings suggest a dominant role for these GC boxes and Sp1 in activating the MGARP promoter through a synergistic mechanism. Consistently, the results of an Electrophoretic Mobility Gel Shift Assay (EMSA) and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) confirmed that Sp1 specifically interacts with the GC-rich region. We further found that estrogen receptor α (ERα), a known Sp1 co-activator, could potentiate GC-boxes containing MGARP promoter activity and this effect is mediated by Sp1. Knockdown of Sp1 significantly diminished the MGARP promoter transactivation and the expression of endogenous MGARP mediated by both Sp1 and ERα. Conclusions/significance: The present study identified a proximal core sequence in the MGARP promoter that is composed of two enriched Sp1 binding motifs and established Sp1 as one major MGARP transactivator whose functions are synergistic with ERα, providing a novel understanding of the mechanisms of MGARP gene transcriptional regulation