Characterisation of the cold metal transfer (CMT) process and its application for low dilution cladding

The process characteristics of the synergic cold metal transfer (CMT) process have been examined for welding aluminium alloy. Utilising a simple backlighting system and through the arc monitoring the droplet transfer modes were identified. Whilst the modified short circuit mode was evident for the lower parameter range, a two part transfer mode based upon a combination of spray and short circuit transfer was observed for the mid to upper parameter range. The technology was also explored as a cladding process for applying to ternary alloyed (Al–Cu–Mg) aluminium plate. This alloy system is known to be susceptible to solidification cracking when MIG welded using the binary Al-2319 (Al–Cu) filler wire, this being due to the wide element freezing range of the weld resulting from mixing with the base material. Utilising this filler, weld dilution ratios for both CMT and pulsed welding were identified across the examined parameter range. The CMT process exhibited greater control of dilution that enabled deposition of a quasi-binary (Al–Cu) layer exhibiting a less crack susceptible composition. Onto this layer conventional MIG welding could be applied which could potentially eradicate cracking using a binary fi

The Sources for the First Council of Lyons, 1245

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Pasture deterioration trial

Trial 89NA61 Location: Duranillin In this site we would expect a very large response (40 to 50% ) to phosphorus. History: The site was chosen because of the patchy and poor pasture production. The poor areas tend to have more suckling clover than the good areas. The pasture was legume dominant. Treatments were applied on April 16, 1989

New block Badgingarra RS late time of seeding.

Trial 89BA33, Location: Badgingarra Based on a 1.5 t/ha potential yield, the strategic treatment was planned to be 120 kg urea/ha 4WAS. However, the crop was poorly established and so NH4NO3 was used in the hope of getting better tillering than would be possible with the slower release urea source. Gambling on equal dollars to urea for 2/3 N, but believe that twice as effective. DAP was used to place nitrogen with the seed in case there was no rain of significance after seeding. This nitrogen (only 5 kg/ha) was probably lost with the rains of 20-28/7/89 (50 mm). Urea (60 kg/ha) was applied at 4WAS with the option to apply more later if yield potential warranted it. Trial 89BA32 1st Top Hand harvest 7/12/989 Trial 89BA32 2nd Top Hand harvest 7/12/89 Trial 89BA32 Tiller Analysis About 20 plants per replicate for each of four replicates were described. The results are expressed per hundred plants. There were on average, about one hundred plants per metre squared

General Phosphorus Trials

The trial programme of past years was considerably reduced in size because of the absence of J.W. Bowden (Research Officer). Further, extensive drought conditions in the W.A. agricultural areas wiped out several trials. INDEX Super x stocking rate trial 66M30. Maintenance P x S trials 65Al, 65C5, 65N5, 69WH15. Residual Value of Phosphorus 75LG26, 77NA4, 78BA7, 79N05, 79JE8 & 9. Times and Methods of Application 80M7, 8OM6, 80WH9, 80MO7

Sources of phosphorus trials. Miscellaneous trials.

I Sources of phosphorus work. Pasture trials - 77MT1 - New land (1977) continuous pasture trial, gravel. 80BA6 - Ley 1984. Serradella weeds and lupin regrowth, sand. 84N069 - New land (1984) pasture, gravel. Crop trials - 76WH9 - New land (1976) run down on one dressing of P W.L.S. 76WH10 - Young land Topdressed annually, biennially and once off. 76WH14 - Old land Topdressed anually and biennially. 76N4 - New land (1976) Topdressed annually biennially and once off, gravel. 84M63 - New land (1984) Once off dressing. Trials not sampled - 77WH2 - Old land Sources trial 77MT2 - Old land Sources trial II Miscellaneous trials. Maintenance P x S trials 65C5 and 65A1. Residual value of Phosphorus 78BA7. Grazing trial, Wooroloo 83PE35. Cultivation of Phosphorus availability 83BU1, 3 and 4 84MT7. Rates and times of nitrogen 84WH45. Ripping Trials - Residual effects 82WH2, 35 83WH28 and 31. Coarse organic matter for nitrogen: second crop effects 82N041, N17 and LG5

Summary of 1974 Phosphorus and sulphur group

Stocking x Super Rate - Merredin - 66M30. Twitcham - 62MB9. Kojonup - 68BR7. Maintenance P x S Trials - I. Residual Value - 66N07 and 66ME3. II. Wheatbelt Rate Trials - 67N011, 66LG1, 68LG1, 67NO5, 6NA3, 67GE2, 66M06 and 67M01. III. Wheatbelt Research Stations and Farmers- 65C5, 65A1, 65N5,69WH15 and 66N09. IV. Higher Rainfall Area Trials - 68B1, 68BU2, 68BR5,68AL3, 69E6, 69AL2 and 69AL3. Miscellaneous Trials - 74GE2, 74GE4, 74GE5,74JE3, 74LG4, 74M06, 74M07, 74TS3, 74NA3 74NA4, 74M07, 74TS4

Sources of phosphate trials. Miscellaneous trials

I. Sources of Phosphate Trials. Cropping Trials: (80BA6) - Deep sand, Badgingarra, Lupins. (77WH2) - Gravel, old land, WHRS, Wheat. (76WH9) - WLS, new land, WHRS, Wheat (1982). (76WH10) - WLS, young land, WHRS Wheat (1982). (77MT2) - Loamy gravel, old land, Mount Barker Oats. Pasture trials: (77MT1) - Loamy gravel, new land, Mount Barker. (77E1) - Sandy gravel, new land, Esperance. (77E4) – [78E4?] Sandy gravel, old land, Esperance. II. Miscellaneous Trials Long term trials. 66M30 - Super x stocking rate at Merredin. 48M/149 EX - Residual super trial at Merredin. 65A1, 65C5 and 69WH15 - Maintenance P x S trials. 75LG26 - Continuous cropping with super on heavy land. 81NO44 - Testing mineral fertilizer mixes. 78BA7 - Residual value of phosphorus, Badgingarra. Short term trials: 82BA2 - Tillage and placement of phosphorus on wheat and lupin. 82NO5 - Super x seed x defoliation x variety of sub clover. 82WH35 and 83WH31 - Deep ripping and nitrogen on wheat . 82WH2, 76WH9 and 81ME53 - Residual effects of ripping and compaction. 83WH10 - N and P on root growth of wheat and clover. 83BU1, 3 and 4 - Cultivation and soil phosphorus status. 83PE54 and 55 - Nutrient omission trials. 83PE35 - Pasture production at Wooroloo. 83LG62 - Rate of P on wheat. Soil test and reactive iron. 83NO3 - Rate of P on old land lupins

SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1979 GENERAL PHOSPHOROUS TRIALS

Contiuing trials Stock rate and level of Superhosphate on cyprus medic pasture 66M30 Rates of phosphorus, sulphur and stocking trial - cropping phase 68BR7 Maintenance P x S trials 65N5, 69WH15, 65A1, 65c6 Residual Value of Phosphorus 78M08, 78C4, 78MA2, 75LG26, 78M38 NEW TRIALS Crops N x P Trials 79NA11, 79NA12, 79NA13 Times of P on Lupins 79M030 Lupin and Oat Mixtures 79BA31, 79MT30 Methods Application and Cultivation of P on Wheat 79M1, 79WH1 Methods and Times of P on Wheat Old Land 79N1 Rates of Super on Wheat 79LG Rates of Super on Lupins 79GE PASTURES Rates of P, K and S on Pasture - Dandaragan 79M012, 79M013, 79M015, 79M017 Rates of P, K and S on Pasture – Lancelin 79M011, 79M018 Rates of P on Pasture – Newdegate 79N5, 79N6 Rates of P x Species on Pasture 79N05, 79JE

The value-added of primary schools: what is it really measuring?

This paper compares the official value-added scores in 2005 for all primary schools in three adjacent LEAs in England with the raw-score Key Stage 2 results for the same schools. The correlation coefficient for the raw- and value-added scores of these 457 schools is around +0.75. Scatterplots show that there are no low attaining schools with average or higher value-added, and no high attaining schools with below average value-added. At least some of the remaining scatter is explained by the small size of some schools. Although some relationship between these measures is to be expected – so that schools adding considerable value would tend to have high examination outcome scores – the relationship shown is too strong for this explanation to be considered sufficient. Value-added analysis is intended to remove the link between a schools’ intake scores and their raw-score outcomes at KS2. It should lead to an estimate of the differential progress made by pupils, assessed between schools. In fact, however, the relationship between value-added and raw scores is of the same size as the original relationship between intake scores and raw-scores that the value-added is intended to overcome. Therefore, however appealing the calculation of value-added figures is, their development is still at the stage where they are not ready to move from being a research tool to an instrument of judgement on schools. Such figures may mislead parents, governors and teachers and, even more importantly, they are being used in England by OFSTED to pre-determine the results of school inspections