Increasing the quality of seismic interpretation

Acknowledgments E. Macrae was funded by an NERC Open CASE Ph.D. award (NE/F013728/1) with Midland Valley Exploration Ltd. as the industry partner. We thank 763 geoscientists for their participation, and in particular, the REs who gave their time freely to the project. M. Scott (University of Glasgow, UK) is thanked for assisting with the statistical analysis. Four reviewers are thanked for their constructive comments that improved the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Metabolic profiling reveals coordinated switches in primary carbohydrate metabolism in grape berry (Vitis vinifera L.), a non-climacteric fleshy fruit

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism during grape berry development play a central role in shaping the final composition of the fruit. The present work aimed to identify metabolic switches during grape development and to provide insights into the timing of developmental regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolites from central carbon metabolism were measured using high-pressure anion-exchange chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and enzymatic assays during the development of grape berries from either field-grown vines or fruiting cuttings grown in the greenhouse. Principal component analysis readily discriminated the various stages of berry development, with similar trajectories for field-grown and greenhouse samples. This showed that each stage of fruit development had a characteristic metabolic profile and provided compelling evidence that the fruit-bearing cuttings are a useful model system to investigate regulation of central carbon metabolism in grape berry. The metabolites measured showed tight coordination within their respective pathways, clustering into sugars and sugar-phosphate metabolism, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition, there was a pronounced shift in metabolism around veraison, characterized by rapidly increasing sugar levels and decreasing organic acids. In contrast, glycolytic intermediates and sugar phosphates declined before veraison but remained fairly stable post-veraison. In summary, these detailed and comprehensive metabolite analyses revealed the timing of important switches in primary carbohydrate metabolism, which could be related to transcriptional and developmental changes within the berry to achieve an integrated understanding of grape berry development. The results are discussed in a meta-analysis comparing metabolic changes in climacteric versus non-climacteric fleshy fruits

Use of bacterial ureolysis for improved gelation of silica sol in rock grouting

Low pH silica-based grouts suitable for penetrating fine aperture fractures are increasingly being developed for use in engineering applications. Silica sol has an initial low viscosity and mixing with an accelerator destabilises the suspension producing a gel. The influence of sodium, calcium and ammonium chloride accelerators on gel time, rate of gelation and shear strength of the resulting gel were investigated in this study. For the first time the potential use of bacterial ureolysis as an accelerator for the destabilisation of silica sol was also explored. This study demonstrates that bacterial ureolysis can be used to control the gelation of silica sol. The rate of ureolysis increases with increasing bacterial density, resulting in faster gel times and higher rates of gelation. In addition, for grouts with similar gel times, using bacterial ureolysis to induce destabilisation results in a higher rate of gelation, a higher final shear strength and a more uniform gel than direct addition of the corresponding chemical accelerator. These results suggest that bacterial ureolysis could potentially be used in rock grouting to achieve long gel times and hence greater penetration, while also maintaining sufficiently rapid gelation to minimise issues related to fingering and erosion of the fresh grout

Changes in Land Distribution of Polar Bears in Western Hudson Bay

We examined the capture locations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) on land in western Hudson Bay over 19 years (1986–2004) to assess temporal trends in the distribution of the population. We found that the distribution of bears of most age and sex groups shifted northward and eastward over the study. The causes of these shifts may be related to an altered population structure, changing environmental conditions, or a combination of both factors. Segregation by age, sex, and reproductive status persisted over time as found in earlier studies, but more females with young were within 5 km of the coast after 2001 than before. The distribution changes were correlated with the timing of sea-ice breakup, which now occurs, on average, about three weeks earlier than it did 30 years ago. While environmental conditions may have influenced polar bear distribution, the reduction in the number of large adult males along the coast may also have affected distribution patterns, allowing adult females to remain closer to the coast in more recent times.Nous avons examiné les lieux de capture d’ours polaires (Ursus maritimus) sur la terre ferme dans l’ouest de la baie d’Hudson pendant 19 ans (de 1986 à 2004) afin d’évaluer les tendances temporelles caractérisant la répartition de la population. Nous avons remarqué que la répartition des ours de la plupart des groupes d’âge et de sexe se déplaçait vers le nord et vers l’est au cours de l’étude. Cela pourrait être attribuable à une structure de population modifiée, à l’évolution des conditions environnementales ou à un ensemble des deux facteurs. La ségrégation en fonction de l’âge, du sexe et de l’état reproducteur a persisté avec le temps, tel que dénoté dans le cadre d’études antérieures, mais plus de femelles avec des jeunes se trouvaient en-dedans de cinq kilomètres de la côte après 2001 qu’avant. Les changements en matière de répartition ont été corrélés au moment de la débâcle de la glace de mer qui maintenant se produit, en moyenne, environ trois semaines plus tôt qu’il y a 30 ans. Bien que les conditions environnementales puissent avoir exercé une influence sur la répartition des ours polaires, la réduction du nombre de gros mâles adultes le long de la côte pourrait également avoir modifié les tendances caractérisant la répartition, permettant ainsi aux femelles adultes de rester plus près de la côte ces dernières années

Does personality affect dietary intake?

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence for an association between the Big Five dimensions of personality, dietary intake, and compliance to dietary recommendations. Poor diet is a known risk factor for overweight and obesity and associated chronic lifestyle diseases and it has been proposed that personality may be linked to dietary choices. Findings from cross-sectional surveys from different countries and cultures show a positive association between Openness and consumption of fruits and vegetables and between Conscientiousness and healthy eating. Although no evidence has been found that personality dimensions are associated with adherence to dietary recommendations over time, Conscientiousness is associated with a number of prosocial and health-promoting behaviors that include avoiding alcohol-related harm, binge-drinking, and smoking, and adherence to medication regimens. With emerging evidence of an association between higher Conscientiousness and lower obesity risk, the hypothesis that higher Conscientiousness may predict adoption of healthy dietary and other lifestyle recommendations appears to be supported

IgM paraprotein-associated peripheral neuropathy: small CD20-positive B-cell clones may predict a monoclonal gammopathy of neurological significance and rituximab responsiveness

IgM paraprotein‐associated peripheral neuropathy (PN) in patients without overt evidence of lymphoma is a recognised clinical entity of unknown aetiology. Interrogating the bone marrow B‐cell or plasma cell clones underlying paraproteinemic neuropathies may improve our understanding of both pathogenesis and treatment options. This retrospective observational analysis of IgM paraprotein‐associated PN identified five patients with small pathological MYD88 L265P and CD20‐positive B‐cell clones in their bone marrow using multi‐parametric flow cytometry, who have shown durable neurological response to rituximab. We posit that multi‐parametric flow cytometry may be instrumental in identifying the cellular source of the paraprotein in IgM paraprotein‐associated PN, and thus directing appropriate immunomodulatory therapy. Further understanding of these small pathological B‐cell clones may also provide additional insight into mechanisms of monoclonal gammopathy of clinical significance overall

Dislocation Nucleation and Propagation in Semiconductor Heterostructures

This paper considers misfit dislocation nucleation and propagation in dilute magnetic semiconductor heterostructures in the CdTe-ZnTe-MnTe system. It is shown that, where the deposit is in tension, 1/2 \u3c 110 \u3e dislocations with inclined Burgers vectors propagate by glide along interfacial \u3c 110 \u3e directions and may dissociate giving intrinsic stacking faults. In cases where the deposit is in compression, 1/2 \u3c 110 \u3e dislocations show no evidence of dissociation and propagate by extensive cross-slip to give networks of dislocations close to interfacial \u3c 100 \u3e directions. Evidence for dislocation sources in ZnTe/GaSb films is presented. ZnTe films contained stacking fault pyramids, single Frank faults and a new type of diamond defect are present at densities up to about 107 cm-2. Analysis showed that the diamond defects, which were four-sided defects on {111} planes with \u3c 110 \u3e edges, were of vacancy type with 1/3 \u3c 111 \u3e Frank Burgers vectors and intrinsic stacking faults. Although faulted defects showed no tendency to grow by climb, evidence is given for an unfaulted reaction in which a glissile 1/2 \u3c 110 \u3e dislocation is generated. This new model for dislocation nucleation is discussed