Soil biochemical properties at upper and lower slope positions.

<p>Soil biochemical properties at upper and lower slope positions.</p

The <i>Q</i>₁₀ and the relationship between soil respiration (F) and soil temperature (T) and at upper and lower slope positions for 2014, 2015 and 2016.

<p>The <i>Q</i>₁₀ and the relationship between soil respiration (F) and soil temperature (T) and at upper and lower slope positions for 2014, 2015 and 2016.</p

Soil bacterial and fungal diversity indices at 97% sequence similarity of 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequence calculated based on 80,208 and 66,221 sequences for each sample.

<p>Soil bacterial and fungal diversity indices at 97% sequence similarity of 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequence calculated based on 80,208 and 66,221 sequences for each sample.</p

Mean soil temperature, soil moisture, soil respiration rate (<i>R</i>_s) and cumulative soil respiration (CO₂-C) at upper and lower slope positions in 2014, 2015 and 2016.

<p>Mean soil temperature, soil moisture, soil respiration rate (<i>R</i>_s) and cumulative soil respiration (CO₂-C) at upper and lower slope positions in 2014, 2015 and 2016.</p

Spatial variations of soil respiration and temperature sensitivity along a steep slope of the semiarid Loess Plateau - Fig 3

<p>Relative abundances of the dominant bacterial (a.) and fungal phyla (b.) at upper and lower slope positions. Relative abundances are based on the proportional frequencies of the DNA sequences that could be classified (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0195400#pone.0195400.s003" target="_blank">S3 Text</a>). *indicates that the effect between upper and lower slope positions is significant.</p

The flowchart of producing infective BmNPV expressing ten heterologous genes in silkworm larvae or pupae.

<p>The target genes are cloned into the three donor vector (pCTdual, pRADM and pUCDMIG) using usual method. The first two genes carried by pCTdual are inserted into BmBacmid through <i>I-Sce</i> I linearization and <i>red-gam</i> homologous recombination. Four genes in pRADM and the other four genes in pUCDMIG are then introduced into BmBacmid via Tn7 transposition and cre-loxp recombination, respectively. As a result, ten foreign expression cassettes and three antibiotic screening markers, as well as a GFP illumination marker are introduced into BmBacmid. The invasive and DAP auxotrophic <i>E. coli</i> carrying recombinant BmBacmid are injected into silkworm larvae at an appropriate dose. Consequently, recombinant BmNPV will be produced and multiple foreign genes will be expressed in green <i>B. mori</i> larvae or pupae.</p

Multiple genes expression and rotavirus-VLPs production in silkworm.

<p>(a) The larvae of six days post injection were observed using the fluorescence detection device. 1: the mock injected larvae; 2&3: the larvae injected with invasive and DAP auxotrophic <i>E. coli</i> carrying BmBacmid with six genes including <i>egfp</i>, <i>dsRed</i>, <i>eyfp</i>, <i>vp2</i>, <i>vp6</i> and <i>vp7</i> at a dose of 8.0×10⁸ cells per larva. (b) The hemolymph from a red larva was observed using laser confocal microscope. The images of hemocytes were taken at the bright (trans) channel (I), GFP (515 nm) detection channel (II), DsRed (590 nm) channel (III) and YFP (530 nm) channel (IV). (c) Western blot analysis of the hemolymph from the red larvae using anti-VP2, anti-VP6 and anti-VP7 rabbit antiserums. (d) The EM image of hemocytes collected from red larvae. R: the round Rotavirus-VLPs; B: the rod shape baculovirus particle, bar = 100 nm.</p

SDS-PAGE analysis of purified VLPs of rotavirus from silkworm.

<p>5 µg VLPs was loaded on 12% SDS-PAGE gel. Lane Marker: standard protein marker. lane VLPs: purified VLPs from silkworm hemolymph. The three bands VP2, VP6 and VP7 were labelled.</p

Table_1_Conservation and distribution of the DRACH motif for potential m6A sites in avian leukosis virus subgroup J.DOCX

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is an internal post-transcriptional modification that has been linked to viral multiplication and pathogenicity. To elucidate the conservation patterns of potential 5′-DRACH-3′ motifs in avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), 149 ALV-J strains (139 isolates from China; ALV-J prototype HPRS-103 from the UK; and 9 strains from the USA, Russia, India, and Pakistan) available in GenBank before December 2023 were retrieved. According to the prediction results of the SRAMP web-server, these ALV-J genomes contained potential DRACH motifs, with the total number ranging from 43 to 64, which were not determined based on the isolation region and time. Conservative analysis suggested that 37 motifs exhibited a conservation of >80%, including 17 motifs with a grading above “high confidence.” Although these motifs were distributed in the U5 region of LTRs and major coding regions, they were enriched in the coding regions of p27, p68, p32, and gp85. The most common m6A-motif sequence of the DRACH motif in the ALV-J genome was GGACU. The RNA secondary structure of each conserved motif predicted by SRAMP and RNAstructure web-server was mainly of two types—A–U pair (21/37) and hairpin loop (16/37)—based on the core adenosine. Considering the systematic comparative analysis performed in this study, future thorough biochemical research is warranted to determine the role of m6A modification during the replication and infection of ALV-J. These conservation and distribution analysis of the DRACH motif for potential m6A sites in ALV-J would provide a foundation for the future intervention of ALV-J infection and m6A modification.</p

Molecular analysis of <i>Gyrovirus galga1</i> variants identified from the sera of dogs and cats in China

Gyrovirus galga1 (GyVg1), a member of the Anelloviridae family and Gyrovirus genus, has been detected in chicken and human tissue samples. In this study, the DNA of GyVg1-related gyroviruses in the sera of six dogs and three cats from Central and Eastern China was identified using PCR. Alignment analysis between the nine obtained and reference GyVg1 strains revealed that the genome identity ranged from 99.20% (DOG03 and DOG04 strains) to 96.17% (DOG01 and DOG06 strains). Six recombination events were predicted in multiple strains, including DOG01, DOG05, DOG06, CAT01, CAT02, and CAT03. The predicted major and minor parents of DOG05 came from Brazil. The DOG06 strain is potentially recombined from strains originating from humans and cats, whereas DOG01 is potentially recombined from G17 (ferret-originated) and Ave3 (chicken-originated), indicating that transmissions across species and regions may occur. Sixteen representative amino acid mutation sites were identified: nine in VP1 (12 R/H, 114S/N, 123I/M, 167 L/P, 231 P/S, 237 P/L, 243 R/W, 335 T/A, and 444S/N), four in VP2 (81 A/P, 103 R/H, 223 R/G, and 228 A/T), and three in VP3 (38 M/I, 61 A/T, and 65 V/A). These mutations were only harbored in strains identified in dogs and cats in this study. Whether this is related to host tropism needs further investigation. In this study, GyVg1 was identified in the sera of dogs and cats, and the molecular characteristics prompted the attention of public health.</p