Conceptual framework for understanding the determinants of HIV acquisition/prevalence (based on the work of Boerma et al., [12] and Barnighausen et al [13].

<p>(<i>The names of the variables used in the current study are indicated inside parentheses</i>).</p

Prevalence of sexual behaviors, condom use and circumcision by ethnic group and sex in six Kenyan surveys of 15–49 year olds.

<p>Age of first sex (A), percent reporting pre-marital sex (B), mean number of lifetime sexual partners (C), percent reporting two or more sex partners in past 12 months (D), percent reporting sex with a non-married, non-cohabiting partner in prior 12 months (E), polygamy, (percent of married women who report that their husband has other wives) (F), percent of men who approve of polygamy (G), age gap – the percentage of women with a partner more than five years older than them (H), condom usage - percentage who reported ever having used a condom before (for GPA survey), and the percentage who reported using a condom at last sex (for KDHS 2008 survey - I), STI treatment - the percent who obtained STI treatment at a medical centre among those who reported having STI symptoms in the past 12 months (J), the percent of men who reported being circumcised (K), percent ever tested for HIV (L). Point estimates with 95% Confidence Intervals. KDHS (Kenya Demographic and Health Survey), GPA (Global Programme on AIDS).</p

Homophily by ethnicity.

<p>The self-defined ethnicity of married husbands and wives in the 1989 Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey (Row percentages).</p><p>Homophily by ethnicity.</p

Prevalence of concurrency and acceptability of male concurrency by province.

<p>The percent who had two or more sex partners at the same time at any point in the past 12 months (A) and the percent reporting it is culturally acceptable for men to have more than one partner (B). Population Services International (PSI) Survey.</p

Sample sizes, mean ages and distribution of the wealth and educational attainment of the ethnic groups in the surveys.

<p>Only the ethnic groups which were used in the analysis are shown. All ethnic groups whose sample size constitutes less than 2% of the total sample size were dropped.</p>a<p>Sample sizes are unweighted but the mean age figures are weighted results.</p>b<p>Wealth quintiles are derived from an asset index in the 2008 KDHS (see reference for details <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106230#pone.0106230-Kenya1" target="_blank">[1]</a>).</p>c<p>Highest education level attained: Primary and Secondary refer to any primary or secondary schooling attained respectively. The data is from the 2008 KDHS.</p><p>Sample sizes, mean ages and distribution of the wealth and educational attainment of the ethnic groups in the surveys.</p

The association between HIV prevalence in 2008 and various risk factors by ethnic group in six surveys.

a<p>Due to the low numbers who reported having had STI symptoms in the past 12 months the analysis was only performed for men and women combined.</p>b<p>As detailed in the methods section, the associations between HIV and concurrency are by Province of residence and not by ethnic group in the PSI survey.</p>c<p>Spearman’s Rho correlation was used for these comparisons.</p><p>The association between HIV prevalence in 2008 and various risk factors by ethnic group in six surveys.</p

HIV prevalence and HIV testing response rates in 15–49 year olds by ethnic group in 2003 and 2008 Kenyan Demographic and Health Surveys.

a<p>The HIV testing response rate is defined as the percentage of eligible persons 15–49 years old who participated in HIV testing. Non-responders included those who refused testing, were absent at the time of the survey or there were technical difficulties with blood taking.</p><p>HIV prevalence and HIV testing response rates in 15–49 year olds by ethnic group in 2003 and 2008 Kenyan Demographic and Health Surveys.</p

Demographic characteristics of the study population.

<p>Demographic characteristics of the study population.</p

Reported HIV risks by interview modes among MWID (N = 328).

<p><b><i>Note:</i></b> AOR = adjusted odds ratio, CI = confidence interval,</p><p>: significant at <i>p</i><.05,</p><p>: significant at <i>p</i><.01.</p><p>Age, education, and HIV status were adjusted for in the regression models looking at reported HIV risks among ACASI method vs. FTF interview method.</p><p>^a significant levels were determined using t-test comparing 2 continuous variables.</p

Experience and preference regarding the use of ACASI (N = 94).

<p><b>Note:</b> *1 = did not like it at all, 5 = liked it very much.</p