Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Features in Pediatric Typhoid Fever Patient Susceptibility to First-line Antibiotic Therapy

Background: RTyphoid fever remainsa serious health problem in the world. The main cause of this disease is Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. These microbes have developed resistance to first-line antibiotics (chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and co-trimoksazol) since 1950. Clinical presentation and laboratory features conducted in children infected with resistant strains tend to be more severe. The objective of this study was to determine the differences of clinical presentation and laboratory features in pediatric typhoid fever patient susceptibility to first-line antibiotics.Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study of total 119 typhoid fever children with positive blood culture of Salmonella Typhi based on medical data in Department of Child Health Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung during 2008–2012. Inclusion criteria included 76 patients with age range 1–15 years old, given an antibiotic, and had susceptibility test done. Numerical variable was the duration of fever in patients after given an antibiotic. Categorical variable included hepatomegaly, diarrhea, platelet count at admission, and leukocyte count at admission. Data were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney and Chi-square test.Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of fever, leucocyte count at admission, and thrombocyte count at admission between sensitive and resistant response to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and co-trimoksazol (p>0.05). Leucocyte count at admission in children with sensitive and resistant strain to ampicillin almost showed a difference (p=0.07) but still not statistically significant difference.Conclusions: There is no difference of clinical presentation and laboratory features in pediatric typhoid fever patient susceptible to first-line antibiotics. [AMJ.2015;2(4):584–90] DOI: 10.15850/amj.v2n4.65

Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Features in Pediatric Typhoid Fever Patient Susceptibility to First-line Antibiotic Therapy

Background: RTyphoid fever remainsa serious health problem in the world. The main cause of this disease is Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. These microbes have developed resistance to first-line antibiotics (chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and co-trimoksazol) since 1950. Clinical presentation and laboratory features conducted in children infected with resistant strains tend to be more severe. The objective of this study was to determine the differences of clinical presentation and laboratory features in pediatric typhoid fever patient susceptibility to first-line antibiotics.Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study of total 119 typhoid fever children with positive blood culture of Salmonella Typhi based on medical data in Department of Child Health Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung during 2008–2012. Inclusion criteria included 76 patients with age range 1–15 years old, given an antibiotic, and had susceptibility test done. Numerical variable was the duration of fever in patients after given an antibiotic. Categorical variable included hepatomegaly, diarrhea, platelet count at admission, and leukocyte count at admission. Data were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney and Chi-square test.Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of fever, leucocyte count at admission, and thrombocyte count at admission between sensitive and resistant response to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and co-trimoksazol (p>0.05). Leucocyte count at admission in children with sensitive and resistant strain to ampicillin almost showed a difference (p=0.07) but still not statistically significant difference.Conclusions: There is no difference of clinical presentation and laboratory features in pediatric typhoid fever patient susceptible to first-line antibiotics. [AMJ.2015;2(4):584–90] DOI: 10.15850/amj.v2n4.65

Role of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Preventing Diarrhea

  Background: Breast milk has protective factors for infants’ digestive tract. Infants are vulnerable to diseases, one of which is diarrhea. This cross-sectional study was designed to determine the relation between the proportion of diarrhea in infants and the administration of exclusive breastfeeding in Jatinangor.Methods: This study was an observational study. Data on mothers with 6 months old infants were collected from Jatinangor Primary Health Center (PHC) infant records. The inclusion criteria applied were infants born in April 2012, alive, and living in Jatinangor subdistrict. One hundred and seventy one infants were recorded in April of 2012 in the PHC data. Thirty five were excluded because they were not born in April 2012. Another 45 were excluded because they were not permanent residents of Jatinangor subdistrict, while 4 infants died, and 23 had incomplete data. Therefore, only 66 infants were included as study subjects. Those infants came from 12 villages in the subdistrict of Jatinangor. Data collection was then performed using a questionnaire to the parents during the period of 21–31 October 2012.Results: From 66 infants, the proportion of diarrhea was 66.7%. Only 27.3% of all infants received exclusive breastfeeding. There was a difference in the proportion of diarrhea between infants who were exclusively breastfed and those who were not. Exclusive breastfeeding also reduced the risk of diarrhea (OR= 0.26, 95% CI 0.08–0.83).Conclusions: There is a relation between the proportion of diarrhea in infants and exclusive breastfeeding in Jatinangor. Breastfeeding has a protective effect against diarrhea in infants.Keywords: Diarrhea, exclusive breastfeeding, infants DOI: 10.15850/amj.v2n1.436

Nursing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice to Influenza Vaccination at Suburban Hospital in West Java, Indonesia

Background: High epidemiology of influenza in the world and Indonesia causes some groups to have high risk for getting infected with influenza, one of which is healthcare workers. The low rates of influenza vaccination among healthcare workers, especially in nurses, cause the need for an educational strategy to prevent influenza. This study aimed to measure the level of knowledge, attitude and practice among nurses in suburban hospital in West Java.Method: This was a cross-sectional study with random sampling method which started on July-August 2018 at Annisa Medical Center General Hospital. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of research subjects were measured using questionnaire containing 37 questions. The questionnaire sheet is the result of adaptation of several questionnaires and validity test has been conducted. The data obtained was then analyzed descriptively by the proportion of the score of knowledge, attitude, and practice.Result: Of 104 respondents, there were 19% respondents had low level, 74% respondents had moderate level and 7% respondents had high level of knowledge toward influenza vaccination. For attitude, 67% respondents had positive attitude and 33% respondents had negative attitude. The study also showed 58% respondents had positive practice and 42% respondents had negative attitude.Conclusion: Nurses possess adequate knowledge and they showed positive attitude and practice toward influenza vaccination. Continuous educational strategy was needed to improve nurses’ knowledge, attitude and practice on influenza vaccination.  Keywords: Attitude, influenza vaccination, knowledge, nurses, practic

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Undergraduate Medical Students in Indonesia on the COVID-19 Prevention

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a global pandemic since March 2020. Undergraduate medical students, who would later be referred to as students, were encouraged to educate Indonesian society about COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Indonesian students on COVID-19 prevention. Methods: An online cross-sectional study was conducted between August 22 and September 2, 2020, with a minimum sample size of 1068 subjects. The questionnaire was sent to 86 Faculty of Medicine (FoM) in Indonesia. The questionnaire consisted of knowledge, attitude, and practice section, with a total score, 15, 60, and 45, respectively. Scores above median were considered as sufficient knowledge, and positive attitude, and positive practice. Association between knowledge, attitude, and practice with gender, year of study, location of FoM, and source of information were tested using Chi-Square Test. Correlation among knowledge, attitude, and practice scores was tested using Spearman Rank Test. Results: Among 1390 participated students, 51.4%, 55.7%, and 56.3% had sufficient knowledge, positive attitude, and, positive practice, respectively. There were associations between knowledge and gender, year of study, location of FoM, and source of information (p<0.05), between attitude and gender, year of study, and source of information (p<0.05), and between practice and gender and source of information (p<0.05). There were weak correlations between knowledge with attitude (r=0.246, p<0.001) and between attitude and practice (r=0.272, p<0.001). Conclusions: Half of medical students in Indonesia showed sufficient knowledge, positive attitude, and positive practice on COVID-19 prevention. Hence, improvement towards COVID-19 prevention is required

Characteristics of Childhood Steroid-Induced Glaucoma patients in National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia from 2007 to 2011

Background: The prevalence of children’s blindness in developing countries is still high especially in Asian countries. This children’s blindness influences their motoric, social and emotional developments and their chances to get education. One of the causes is steroid-induced glaucoma. The aim of the study was to identify the characteristics of childhood steroid-induced glaucoma in National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to 22 medical records of childhood steroid-induced glaucoma patients in National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung from 2007−2011. The inclusion criterias were medical records contained complete demographic (age, sex, address and socioeconomic status), clinical (visual acuity, intraocular pressure, cup-disc ratio, underlying eye disease, working diagnosis, treatment and patient’s compliance to follow up) and risk factor (type and route of administration of steroid and duration of steroid usage).Results: Majority of patients were boys (73%), aged 4−7 years old (41%), from Bandung (55%), with moderate socioeconomic condition (73%). Most of the patients experienced blindness (64%), intraocular pressure around 20−30 mmHg (33%), cup-disc ratio above 0.4 (77%). The underlying eye disease was conjunctivitis vernalis (95%). They were treated by medicamentosa or trabeculectomy. The most common used steroid contained dexamethasone (100%) for more than 1 year of usage (64%). Patients’s compliance to follow up was mostly good (59%).Conclusions: Most of the patients with steroid-induced glaucoma is still very young and the use of topical dexamethasone to treat conjunctivitis vernalis for a long time leads to steroid-induced glaucoma. DOI: 10.15850/amj.v2n3.55

Hubungan antara kehilangan gigi dengan fungsi kognisi dan fungsi memori pada lansia penghuni Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha (PTSW) Senjarawi Kota Bandung

Correlation between tooth loss and cognitive and memory function in elderly residents at Social Home Tresna Werdha (PTSW) Senjarawi, Bandung City. Tooth loss is reported to be linked with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. This study aimed to identify the correlation between tooth loss, cognitive and memory functions examined using a MMSE (mini-mental state examination) test to the elderly residents at Panti Sosial Tresna Wreda (PSTW) Senjarawi, Bandung. The research method used cross sectional design. The sampling was selected using concecutive sampling technique. The sample was selected according to the inclusion criteria including physical health (marked by their ability to perform daily activities independently) and ability to communicate well, at least 60 years of age, and independent. The results of the examination on 19 elderly people consisting of 12 females and 7 males showed that the research subjects fall in the category of having a decline in their cognitive and memory function, that is at the average age (75.89; 76.32), education level of elementary school (66.7%; 77.8%), female (41.7%; 66.7%), physical activity in the form of light exercise (50%; 66.7%) and having hypertension (58.3%; 75%), having musculoskeletal disorder (50%; 75%). Pearson chi-square test showed that there is no signicant correlation between tooth loss and cognitive function p = 1.318 (p > 0.05). Similarly, Pearson chi-square test of p = 0.333 (p> 0.05) indicates that there is signicant correlation between tooth loss and memory function. It can be concluded that there is a tendency of a decline in both cognitive function and memory function in tooth loss, but this is not evident statistically. Future research involving a larger number of samples is needed to obtain homogeneous and well-distributed data.ABSTRAKKehilangan gigi dilaporkan berhubungan dengan penyakit Alzheimer dan demensia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kehilangan gigi dengan fungsi kognisi dan fungsi memori yang diperiksa menggunakan lembar MMSE (mini mental state examination) pada lansia di Panti Sosial Tresna Wreda (PSTW) Senjarawi Kota Bandung. Metode penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang. Teknik pengambilan sampel concecutive sampling. Sampel penelitian dipilih sesuai kriteria inklusi meliputi sehat fisik (yang ditandai dengan dapat melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari secara mandiri) dan mampu berkomunikasi dengan baik, usia minimal 60 tahun, dan mandiri. Hasil pemeriksaan pada 19 orang lansia yang terdiri dari 12 orang wanita dan 7 orang laki-laki menemukan karakteristik subjek penelitian pada kelompok penurunan fungsi kognisi dan penurunan fungsi memori yaitu usia rata-rata (75,89; 76,32), tingkat pendidikan SD (66,7%; 77,8%), jenis kelamin perempuan (41,7%; 66,7%), aktivitas fisik berupa olahraga ringan (50%; 66,7%) dan penyakit yang diderita berupa hipertensi (58,3%; 75%), penyakit muskuloskeletal (50%; 75%). Melalui uji Pearson chi square tidak terlihat hubungan yang signifikan antara kehilangan gigi dengan fungsi kognisi p = 1,318 (p>0,05). Begitu pula melalui uji Pearson chi square, p= 0,333 (p>0,05) dapat dijelaskan bahwa tidak terlihat hubungan yang signifikan antara kehilangan gigi dengan fungsi memori. Simpulan terdapat kecenderungan penurunan fungsi kognisi dan fungsi memori pada kehilangan gigi, namun hal ini secara statistik tidak terlihat korelasi yang signifikan. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih banyak sehingga diperoleh data yang homogen dan terdistribusi dengan baik

Correlation between Body Mass Index and Age at Menarche

Background: The decline of age at menarche has been reported in several countries, it occurred because of genetic, ethnic, and socioeconomic improvement in nutritional status and environment. The improvementof nutritional status has occurred globally all over the world including in Indonesia. One of the measuring tools in nutritional status is body mass index (BMI). The objective of the study was to assess the correlationbetween BMI and age at menarche.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among girls aged 9–15 years old in Jatinangor, from May–November 2013. The sample of this study was chosen with cluster random sampling. Age at menarche information was collected through a questionnaire. Body mass index was calculated from measurement of body weight and height. Data was analyzed using Spearman correlation test.Results: Out of three hundred and sixty nine subjects participating in this study, sixty seven were included in the inclusive criteria. According to the classification of BMI of underweight, normal, overweight, andobese, there were 1, 55, 8, and 3 persons, respectively. Mean of BMI was 19.04 and mean age at menarche was 12.72 years, which showed a non significant result (r=-0.013; p= 0.458).Conclusions: Age at menarche was not correlated with BMI. [AMJ.2015;2(4):521–4] DOI: 10.15850/amj.v2n4.65

Role of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Preventing Diarrhea

Background: Breast milk has protective factors for infants’ digestive tract. Infants are vulnerable to diseases, one of which is diarrhea. This cross-sectional study was designed to determine the relation between the proportion of diarrhea in infants and the administration of exclusive breastfeeding in Jatinangor. Methods: This study was an observational study. Data on mothers with 6 months old infants were collected from Jatinangor Primary Health Center (PHC) infant records. The inclusion criteria applied were infants born in April 2012, alive, and living in Jatinangor subdistrict. One hundred and seventy one infants were recorded in April of 2012 in the PHC data. Thirty five were excluded because they were not born in April 2012. Another 45 were excluded because they were not permanent residents of Jatinangor subdistrict, while 4 infants died, and 23 had incomplete data. Therefore, only 66 infants were included as study subjects. Those infants came from 12 villages in the subdistrict of Jatinangor. Data collection was then performed using a questionnaire to the parents during the period of 21–31 October 2012. Results: From 66 infants, the proportion of diarrhea was 66.7%. Only 27.3% of all infants received exclusive breastfeeding. There was a difference in the proportion of diarrhea between infants who were exclusively breastfed and those who were not. Exclusive breastfeeding also reduced the risk of diarrhea (OR= 0.26, 95% CI 0.08–0.83). Conclusions: There is a relation between the proportion of diarrhea in infants and exclusive breastfeeding in Jatinangor. Breastfeeding has a protective effect against diarrhea in infants