GR and MR immunoreactivity in the nucleus and perikaryon.

<p>(A) Supporting light level qualitative analysis, immunoreactivity was observed in the nuclear compartment of GR-ir labeled LA neurons and (B) MR-ir (rMR1-18 1D5) labeled neurons compared to primary antibody omitted control slices (C). Little immunoreactivity was observed in the nucleus of LA neurons labeled with the MR antibody MA1-620. MR immunoreactivity with both antibodies was observed on cytosolic structures including the Golgi Apparatus and cell membrane (B). Scale bars = 500 nm.</p

Preabsorbing antibodies with aldosterone or a peptide reduces or blocks visualization.

<p>MR-ir controls were established to ensure specificity of the antibodies. MA1-620 (A) and rMR1-18 1D5 (D) were visualized using SG chromogen. Tissue was incubated with 1 µMol aldosterone 30 min before addition of primary antibody. Aldosterone reduced observable chromogen visualization in neurons in the LA (B) when incubated with the antibody MA1-620. No observable difference was found when incubating aldosterone in tissue with the antibody rMR1-18 1D5 (E). Incubating the peptide used to generate the second antibody with the MA1-620 antibody (C) did not produce observable differences in chromogen visualization. Incubating the peptide in tissue with the antibody rMR1-18 1D5 completely blocked the antibody from binding to tissue (F). Scale bars = 200 µm for A–F, 5 µm for insets.</p

GR and MR labeling at asymmetrical synapses.

<p>Asymmetrical synapses were examined for immunoreactivity since electrophysiological evidence has examined excitatory synaptic responses of MR and GR. Compared with primary antibody omitted control asymmetrical synapses (A), immunoreactivity was observed in the postsynaptic density of GR-ir LA neurons (B) and MR-ir (MA1–620; rMR1–18 1D5) LA neurons (C and D, respectively). MR-ir was also observed at presynaptic terminals of asymmetric synapses (D). Scale bar = 100 nm.</p

Quantitative analysis of labeling at postsynaptic density of asymmetrical synapses.

<p>MR-ir and GR-ir at asymmetrical synapses was determined using a relative measure of density of pixels at individual asymmetrical synapses. GR-ir and MR-ir labeled asymmetrical synapses had significantly greater immunoreactivity compared with primary antibody omitted control sections, suggesting the presence of the receptors at the synapse (A). No differences were found between the two MR-ir groups nor between the MR and GR groups. Two control analysis were utilized to ensure that the differences in intensity of labeling at the synapses were not due to the intensity of gray of images taken (B) nor to the size of the PSD (C). (*** depicts p<.001).</p

GR and MR labeling in the rat amygdala.

<p>(A & E) GR-ir neurons are distributed throughout the amygdala predominately labeling the nucleus. (B & F) MR-ir (MA1-620) neurons are distributed throughout the amygdala but immunoreactivity is not as dense as GR-ir. Large proximal dendrites showed immunoreactivity (F inset). (C & G) MR-ir (rMR1-18 1D5) neurons are distributed in amygdala nuclei and cell membrane but do not appear as densely labeled in perikaryon (G inset). (D & H) Control section shows little immunoreactivity of cells in amygdala or surrounding nuclei. Scale bars = 200 µm for A–D, 10 µm for D–G and 5 µm for F & G insets. Amygdala nuclei subdivisions B = basal, Ce = central, Lad = lateral (dorsal division), Lvl = lateral (ventral-lateral), Lvm = lateral (ventral-medial).</p

MR-ir in extra nuclear structures.

<p>A significant difference between MR-ir with both antibodies and primary antibody omitted control sections were observed in multiple extra nuclear structures. Although not observed as frequently as principal neuronal structures, GABAergic interneurons were observed to have immunoreactivity (see comparison with an unlabeled asymmetrical synapse) (A). Glial processes (B), dendritic membranes (C), Golgi apparatus (D), mitochondrial membranes (E), and presynaptic vesicles (F) also were observed to have immunoreactivity compared with respective primary antibody omitted controls. Scale bars = A–B 500 nm, C–F = 100 nm.</p

Immunoblots of MR and GR in amygdala (Amg), hippocampal (HC) and hypothalamic (Hyp) nuclei.

<p>As indicated by the representative immunoblots standardized to β-Actin (A) there was a significant difference in relative density of MR between brain nuclei (B). GR was equally distributed in all brain regions. (** denotes p's<.01).</p

Tuning the Basal Plane Functionalization of Two-Dimensional Metal Carbides (MXenes) To Control Hydrogen Evolution Activity

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via electrocatalysis is one method of enabling sustainable production of molecular hydrogen as a clean and promising energy carrier. Previous theoretical and experimental results have shown that some two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides (MXenes) can be effective electrocatalysts for the HER, based on the assumption that they are functionalized entirely with oxygen or hydroxyl groups on the basal plane. However, it is known that MXenes can contain other basal plane functionalities, e.g., fluorine, due to the synthesis process, yet the influence of fluorine termination on their HER activity remains unexplored. In this paper, we investigate the role and effect of basal plane functionalization (T_<i>x</i>) on the HER activity of 5 different MXenes using a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. We first studied Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> produced by different fluorine-containing etchants and found that those with higher fluorine coverage on the basal plane exhibited lower HER activity. We then controllably prepared Mo₂CT_<i>x</i> with very low basal plane fluorine coverage, achieving a geometric current density of −10 mA cm^–2 at 189 mV overpotential in acid. More importantly, our results indicate that the oxygen groups on the basal planes of Mo₂CT_<i>x</i> are catalytically active toward the HER, unlike in the case of widely studied 2H-phase transition metal dichalcogenides such as MoS₂, in which only the edge sites are active. These results pave the way for the rational design of 2D materials for either the HER, when minimal overpotential is desired, or for energy storage, when maximum voltage window is needed

Developmental expression pattern of the genes associated with mitochondrial function in the PFC.

<p>A majority of the mitochondrial genes (91%) show increased expression (green to red), while only 9% of the genes show decreased expression (red to green) during postnatal development. Genes that encode different subunits of the same protein are shown on the right side. X-axis: Age (years). Y-axis: Gene symbols. In this pseudo-color heat map, increasing red intensities indicate genes with high expression levels, and increasing green intensities indicate genes with low expression levels across age. Color bar scale: hybridization intensity (log base 2) from 2.41 to 11.72.</p

Enriched biological pathways in the genes showing age-dependent changes in the PFC and the CN of normal individuals.

<p>Functional annotation analyses (Gene Ontology) were performed using 2 sets of genes (genes changing expression in the PFC and genes changing expression in the CN). Count: number of genes included in each category, Fold: fold enrichment, FDR: false discovery rate-adjusted p-values based on the Benjamini-Hochberg method <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049183#pone.0049183-Benjamini1" target="_blank">[84]</a>.</p