ASC but not NLRP3 immunoprecipitates with GSTO1.

<p>HEK-293T cells were transfected with HA-ASC, Myc-NLRP3, GSTO1 or empty vector plasmids as indicated. 48 hours post transfection cells were lysed in low stringency lysis buffer. 50 µl of lysate was kept for analysis while the remaining lysates were pre-cleared using 10 µl Protein A/G beads for 30 min. The lysates were then incubated with anti-GSTO1 antibody or rabbit IgG coupled to protein A/G beads for 3 h at 4°C. Whole cell lysates and immunoprecipitation samples were analysed by Western blotting using anti-Myc, anti-HA or anti-GSTO1 antibodies. The results presented are representative of two (B) and three (A) independent experiments.</p

CRID3 inhibits LPS and ATP induced IL-1β processing.

<p>Primary BMDM were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS for 3 h, treated with CRID3 (5–100 µM) or DMSO in serum free media for 30 min followed by addition of 5 mM ATP for 1 h. Supernatants were analysed by ELISA for IL -1β (A), TNFα (B) or by Western blotting for pro and mature IL-1β (C). (A) and (B) Cytokine level is expressed as a percentage of that released from control treated cells, which ranged across all experiments from 521–1988 pg/ml for IL-1β and 104–211 pg/ml for TNFα. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M of five independent experiments each carried out in triplicate. (C) A representative blot from one of three independent experiments is shown. (D) BMDM were treated with DMSO or CRID3 (25–50 µM) for 30 min and were then stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS for 3 h. Protein samples were analysed by Western blotting using anti-IL-1β and anti-β-actin antibodies. A representative blot from one of two independent experiments is shown.</p

CRID3 and glyburide do not inhibit the NLRC4 inflammasome.

<p>Primary BMDM were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS for 3 h, treated with CRID3 (10–50 µM), 200 µM glyburide or DMSO in serum free media for 30 min followed by infection with <i>S. typhimurium</i> (M.O.I 20) for 2 h. Supernatants were analysed by ELISA for IL -1β (A) and TNFα (B) production or by LDH cytotoxicity assay (C). (A) and (B) cytokine level is expressed as a percentage of that released from control treated cells, which ranged across all experiments from 534–3013 pg/ml for IL-1β and 1990–2746 pg/ml for TNFα. (A), (B) and (C) data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M of three independent experiments each carried out in triplicate. In (D) concentrated supernatants and cell lysates were analysed by Western blotting using anti-IL-1β, anti-caspase-1 and anti-β-actin antibodies. These results are representative of three independent experiments.</p

CRID3 inhibits NLRP3 and AIM2 stimulated ASC speck formation.

<p>(A) ASC-YFP cells were left unstimulated, or were (B) stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS for 3 h. (C) Cells were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS for 3 h, treated with 50 µM CRID3 10 µM parthenolide or DMSO in serum free media for 30 min followed by addition of 5 mM ATP for 1 h. In (D) cells were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS for 3 h, treated with 50 µM CRID3, 200 µM glyburide or DMSO in serum free media for 40 min followed by transfection of 1 µg/ml Poly (dA:dT) for 2 h. Cells were viewed by live cell imaging, at least four different images were taken of each dish of which a representative image is shown. These results are representative of three independent experiments.</p

CRID3 inhibits the AIM2 inflammasome.

<p>Primary BMDM were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LPS for 3 h, treated with CRID3 (10–50 µM), 200 µM glyburide, 10 µM parthenolide or DMSO control in serum free media for 1 h followed by transfection of 1 µg/ml Poly (dA:dT) for 4 h (A) and (B) or overnight (C). Supernatants were analysed by ELISA for IL -1β (A) and TNFα (B). (A) and (B) Cytokine level is expressed as a percentage of that released from control treated cells, which ranged across all experiments from 518–2347 pg/ml for IL-1β and 397–1136 pg/ml for TNFα. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M of four independent experiments each carried out in triplicate. In (C) concentrated supernatants and cell lysates were analysed by Western blotting using anti-IL-1β, anti-caspase-1 and anti-β-actin antibodies. These results are representative of three independent experiments. (D) and (E) Primary BMDM were treated with CRID3 (10–50 µM), 200 µM glyburide,10 µM parthenolide or DMSO in serum free media for 1 h followed transfection of 1 µg/ml Poly (dA:dT) for 6 h. Supernatants were analysed using an LDH cytotoxicity assay. The data shown represent mean % LDH release ± S.D. from triplicate determinations and are representative of three independent experiments. In (E) Concentrated supernatants and cell lysates were analysed by Western blotting using anti-caspase-1 and anti-β-actin antibodies. These results are representative of four independent experiments.</p

TLR2 is required for PgdA-mediated IFN-β response to <i>Listeria</i> in peritoneal but not bone-marrow macrophages.

<p>(A) PEM from C57BL/6J or <i>tlr2^−/−</i> mice were infected with the parental EGDe strain. After 4 h of infection, IFN-β induction was measured by qRT-PCR. (B) BMM from C57BL/6J or <i>tlr2^−/−</i> mice were infected with the parental EGDe strain. After 4 h of infection, IFN-β induction was measured by qRT-PCR. Data are mean ± SD (NS, non significant; ***, <i>p</i><0.0001, <i>n</i> = 3). PEM from WT C57BL/6J or <i>tlr2</i>^−/− mice were infected with the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant (C) or the complemented Δ<i>pgdA</i> strain (D). After 7 h of infection, IFN-β levels were measured in supernatants by ELISA. Data are mean ± SD (**, <i>p</i><0.01, <i>n</i> = 5).</p

Internalization of bacteria is required for IFN-β response by peritoneal macrophages.

<p>(A) PEM from WT C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with 50 µM of cytochalasin D, and left uninfected (hatched bars) or infected with the parental EGDe strain (black bars) or the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant (grey bars). 7 h post-infection, IFN-β levels were measured in cells supernatants by ELISA. (B) PEM from WT C57BL/6J were treated with 80 µM dynasore. After 4 h of infection with the parental EGDe strain (black bars) or the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant (grey bars), IFN-β induction was measured by qRT-PCR. (C) PEM from WT C57BL/6J mice were treated with 100 µM chloroquine, and left uninfected (hatched bars) or infected with the parental EGDe strain (black bars) or the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant (grey bars). 7 h post-infection, IFN-β concentrations were measured in cells supernatants by ELISA. Data are mean ± SD (***, <i>p</i><0.0001, <i>n</i> = 3–4).</p

TRIF, but not Mal/TIRAP, is necessary for IFN-β response to <i>Listeria</i> in peritoneal macrophages.

<p>(A) PEM from WT C57BL/6J or <i>mal/tirap^−/−</i> mice were infected with the parental EGDe strain (black bars), the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant (grey bars). After 7 h of infection, IFN-β levels were measured in supernatants by ELISA. (B) PEM from C57BL/6J or <i>trif^−/−</i> mice were infected with the parental EGDe strain (black bars) or the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant (grey bars). After 4 h of infection, IFN-β induction was measured by qRT-PCR. (C) Resident peritoneal macrophages from WT C57BL/6J, <i>trif</i>^−/− or <i>tlr2^−/−</i> mice were infected with the parental EGDe strain (black bars), the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant (grey bars). After 4 h of infection, IFN-β induction was measured by qRT-PCR. Data are mean ± SD (NS, non significant; *, <i>p</i><0.05; ***, <i>p</i><0.0001; <i>n</i> = 3–4).</p

TLR3, but not TLR4, contributes to IFN-β response to <i>Listeria</i> in peritoneal macrophages.

<p>(A) PEM from WT C57BL/6J or <i>tlr3</i>^−/− mice were infected with the parental EGDe strain (black bars), the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant (grey bars). After 7 h of infection, IFN-β levels were measured in supernatants by ELISA. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). (B) PEM from WT C57BL/6J or <i>tlr4</i>^−/− mice were infected with the parental EGDe strain (black bars), or the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant (grey bars). After 7 h of infection, IFN-β levels were measured in supernatants by ELISA. Data are mean ± SD (***, <i>p</i><0.0001; <i>n</i> = 3).</p

<i>Listeria</i> nucleic acids trigger IFN-β production.

<p>(A) The parental EGDe (black bars) Δ<i>pgdA</i> (grey bars) and complemented Δ<i>pgdA</i> strain (hatched bars) were incubated with lysozyme. The amount of DNA and RNA released after treatment was quantified by spectrophotometry. (B) THP-1 macrophages were transfected with DNA from the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant, pretreated or not with DNase, and IFN-β induction was determined using the HEK-blue assay. (C) The parental EGDe strain (black bars) or the Δ<i>pgdA</i> mutant (grey bars) were incubated with lysozyme. PEM were transfected with bacterial lysates, pretreated with DNase or not treated, and IFN-β production was quantified in cells supernatants 24 h after transfection by ELISA. Data are mean ± SD (**, <i>p</i><0.01, n = 3; ***, <i>p</i><0.0001, <i>n</i> = 3).</p