Regional brain volumes reduced in clinically isolated syndrome compared to controls.

<p>Regional brain volumes reduced in clinically isolated syndrome compared to controls.</p

Association of neuropsychiatric symptoms with health-related quality of life in clinically isolated syndrome.

<p>Association of neuropsychiatric symptoms with health-related quality of life in clinically isolated syndrome.</p

Association of EDSS, MSNQ and SDMT scores with neuropsychiatric symptoms and health-related quality of life in clinically isolated syndrome.

<p>Association of EDSS, MSNQ and SDMT scores with neuropsychiatric symptoms and health-related quality of life in clinically isolated syndrome.</p

Health-related quality of life, neuropsychiatric symptoms and structural brain changes in clinically isolated syndrome

<div><p>Background</p><p>Neuropsychiatric symptoms and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are frequent in multiple sclerosis, where are associated with structural brain changes, but have been less studied in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS).</p><p>Objective</p><p>To characterize HRQoL, neuropsychiatric symptoms (depressive symptoms, anxiety, apathy and fatigue), their interrelations and associations with structural brain changes in CIS.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Patients with CIS (n = 67) and demographically matched healthy controls (n = 46) underwent neurological and psychological examinations including assessment of HRQoL, neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive functioning, and MRI brain scan with global, regional and lesion load volume measurement.</p><p>Results</p><p>The CIS group had more, mostly mild, depressive symptoms and anxiety, and lower HRQoL physical and social subscores (p≤0.037). Neuropsychiatric symptoms were associated with most HRQoL subscores (β≤-0.34, p≤0.005). Cognitive functioning unlike clinical disability was associated with depressive symptoms and lower HRQoL emotional subscores (β≤-0.29, p≤0.019). Depressive symptoms and apathy were associated with right temporal, left insular and right occipital lesion load (ß≥0.29, p≤0.032). Anxiety was associated with lower white matter volume (ß = -0.25, p = 0.045).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Mild depressive symptoms and anxiety with decreased HRQoL are present in patients with CIS. Neuropsychiatric symptoms contributing to decreased HRQoL are the result of structural brain changes and require complex therapeutic approach in patients with CIS.</p></div

Regional brain volumes increased in clinically isolated syndrome compared to controls.

<p>Regional brain volumes increased in clinically isolated syndrome compared to controls.</p

Characteristics of the study participants.

<p>Characteristics of the study participants.</p

Reasons for exclusion from the study.

<p>Reasons for exclusion from the study.</p

Clinical and demographic characteristics of the analysed cohort (n = 107).

<p>Clinical and demographic characteristics of the analysed cohort (n = 107).</p

mRNA MxA kinetics in NAb negative patients.

<p>MxA/GAPDH = expression of mRNA MxA normalized to the expression level of the housekeeping gene GlycerAldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, GAPDH. M0 = baseline, M3 = month 3, M6 = month 6, etc.</p

Reasons for exclusion from the study.

<p>Reasons for exclusion from the study.</p