21 research outputs found
Uncovering the Evolution of Lead In-Use Stocks in Lead-Acid Batteries and the Impact on Future Lead Metabolism in China
This
study aims to illustrate the evolution of lead in-use stocks,
particularly in lead-acid batteries (LABs), and their impact on future
lead metabolism in China. First, we used a bottom-up methodology to
study the evolution of lead in-use stocks in China from 2000 to 2014.
It was found that the lead in-use stocks increased from 0.91 to 7.75
Mt. The principal driving force of such change is the rapid development
of LABs-driven electric vehicles. Then, we proposed three scenarios,
low, baseline, and high in-use stocks, to project the lead demand
and supply toward 2030. The results show that the LAB demand will
decrease as a result of competition and replacement by lithium ion
batteries. The lead demand in China will come to a peak around 2018ā2020
under the three scenarios, then reduce to 3.7, 4.6, and 5.3 Mt/yr
in 2030. Meanwhile, primary lead outputs will follow the increase
of zinc production in China. Secondary lead recovered from spent LABs
will also increase gradually. The overall unused lead stocks in 2030
will be 49.6, 44.8, and 41.2 Mt under the three scenarios, some 3.5ā5.7
times as big as the lead in-use stocks. Thus, a large amount of lead
will have to be safely stockpiled or exported in China
Study of Reciprocal Effects between Mandatory Pollutant Emissions Reduction Policy and Structural Change within the Manufacturing Sector in a Chinese Coastal Area
We
develop a multicriteria decision-making model coupled with scenario
analysis to quantitatively elucidate the reciprocal effect between
a mandatory pollutant emissions reduction policy and industrial structure
change within the manufacturing sector on the basis of an in-depth
study of a well-developed coastal area in East China, Ningbo City,
toward 2020. First, 18 two-digit level industries (TDLIs) in the manufacturing
sector are screened out due to intensive emissions of the four pollutants
(COD, NH<sub>3</sub>āN, SO<sub>2</sub>, and NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>). Second, a model is established to identify the
optimal solution for the industrial structure adjustment of the 18
TDLIs under two scenarios, the ābusiness-as-usualā scenario
and the āindustrial structure adjustmentā scenario.
Both scenarios are expanded into three subscenarios. Quantitative
constraint conditions and two criteria are formulated to screen out
the optimal solutions. We propose a coefficient of industrial structure
adjustment, <i>K</i><sub><i>i</i></sub>, which
could clearly reflect the policy preference in terms of industrial
development and reallocate the quota of the four-pollutant emission
among the 18 TDLIs with regards to the different expectations of economy
development in 2020. The model will help local authorities make tailored
policies to reduce pollution emissions effectively through industrial
structure change by delicately allocating the pollutant emission quota
and setting reasonable targets of emission intensity reduction among
TDLIs
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Chinese Eco-Industrial Parks by Targeting Energy Infrastructure: A Vintage Stock Model
Mitigating
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Chinaās industrial
sector is crucial for addressing climate change. We developed a vintage
stock model to quantify the GHG mitigation potential and cost effectiveness
in Chinese eco-industrial parks by targeting energy infrastructure
with five key measures. The model, integrating energy efficiency assessments,
GHG emission accounting, cost-effectiveness analyses, and scenario
analyses, was applied to 548 units of energy infrastructure in 106
parks. The results indicate that two measures (shifting coal-fired
boilers to natural gas-fired boilers and replacing coal-fired units
with natural gas combined cycle units) present a substantial potential
to mitigate GHGs (42%ā46%) compared with the baseline scenario.
The other three measures (installation of municipal solid waste-to-energy
units, replacement of small-capacity coal-fired units with large units,
and implementation of turbine retrofitting) present potential mitigation
values of 6.7%, 0.3%, and 2.1%, respectively. In most cases, substantial
economic benefits also can be achieved by GHG emission mitigation.
An uncertainty analysis showed that enhancing the annual working time
or serviceable lifetime levels could strengthen the GHG mitigation
potential at a lower cost for all of the measures
Study on Industrial Metabolism of Carbon in a Chinese Fine Chemical Industrial Park
Carbon metabolism of a chemical industrial park remains
scarce
in literature, due to overwhelming data collection workload and intricate
interfirm flow examination. Based on five-year intensive data collection
and verification, this research presents the findings of one-year static
carbon metabolism in a typical Chinese fine chemical industrial park.
As to the total direct carbon input (0.38 million tons), 32% concern
chemicals production, while the remaining 68% are related to energy
conversion. Three common metrics, carbon efficiency, C factor, and
E factor are applied to assess the performance of carbon flows. Based
on an analysis of 380 raw chemicals and 130 chemical products, performance
of the three kinds of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other
fine chemicals, and the chemical industrial park as a whole are considered
and compared with similar industrial area, respectively. The carbon
efficiency of chemicals production is 69%, while the other 31% ends
up in waste. The interfirm carbon flow accounts for 3.4% of the carbon
inputs in raw chemicals. Pursuing local environmental goals (i.e.,
abatement of odor, chemical oxygen demand, and solid waste) results
in greater CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, which runs against protection
of the global environment. Options to improve carbon efficiency were
also discussed from three aspects. This study lays groundwork for
quantifying greenhouse gas emissions, benchmarking carbon efficiency,
and conducting life cycle assessment on the park level
The Role of Industrial Parks in Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from China
This study uncovered the direct and
indirect energy-related greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions of 213 Chinese national-level industrial parks,
providing 11% of Chinaās gross domestic product, from a life-cycle
perspective. Direct emissions are sourced from fuel combustion, and
indirect emissions are embodied in energy production. The results
indicated that in 2015, the direct and indirect GHG emissions of the
parks were 1042 and 181 million tonne CO<sub>2</sub> equiv, respectively,
totally accounting for 11% of national GHG emissions. The total energy
consumption of the parks accounted for 10% of national energy consumption.
Coal constituted 74% of total energy consumption in these parks. Baseline
and low-carbon scenarios are established for 2030, and five GHG mitigation
measures targeting energy consumption are modeled. The GHG mitigation
potential for these parks in 2030 is quantified as 111 million tonne,
equivalent to 9.1% of the parksā total emission in 2015. The
measures that increase the share of natural gas consumption, reduce
the GHG emission factor of electricity grid, and improve the average
efficiency of industrial coal-fired boilers, will totally contribute
94% and 98% in direct and indirect GHG emissions reductions, respectively.
These findings will provide a solid foundation for the low carbon
development of Chinese industrial parks
DataSheet1_Synergistic effect of CD47 blockade in combination with cordycepin treatment against cancer.docx
Cordycepin is widely considered a direct tumor-suppressive agent. However, few studies have investigated as the effect of cordycepin therapy on the tumor microenvironment (TME). In our present study, we demonstrated that cordycepin could weaken the function of M1-like macrophages in the TME and also contribute to macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype. Herein, we established a combined therapeutic strategy combining cordycepin and an anti-CD47 antibody. By using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we showed that the combination treatment could significantly enhance the effect of cordycepin, which would reactivate macrophages and reverse macrophage polarization. In addition, the combination treatment could regulate the proportion of CD8+ T cells to prolong the progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with digestive tract malignancies. Finally, flow cytometry validated the changes in the proportions of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Collectively, our findings suggested that the combination treatment of cordycepin and the anti-CD47 antibody could significantly enhance tumor suppression, increase the proportion of M1 macrophages, and decrease the proportion of M2 macrophages. In addition, the PFS in patients with digestive tract malignancies would be prolonged by regulating CD8+ T cells.</p
Cell-free DNA: A Neglected Source for Antibiotic Resistance Genes Spreading from WWTPs
Cell-associated ARGs in wastewater
treatment plants (WWTPs) has
been concerned, however, cell-free ARGs in WWTPs was rarely studied.
In this study, the abundances of four representative ARGs, <i>sulII</i>, <i>tetC</i>, <i>bla</i><sub><i>PSEā1</i></sub>, and <i>ermB</i>, in a large
municipal WWTP were investigated in both cell-associated and cell-free
fractions. Cell-associated ARGs was the dominant ARGs fraction in
the raw wastewater. After biological treatment, sludge settling, membrane
filtration, and disinfection, cell-associated ARGs were substantially
reduced, though the ratios of ARG/16S rRNA gene were increased with
disinfection. Cell-free ARGs persisted in the WWTP with a removal
of 0.36 log to 2.68 logs, which was much lower than the removal of
cell-associated ARGs (3.21 logs to 4.14 logs). Therefore, the abundance
ratio of cell-free ARGs to cell-associated ARGs increased from 0.04ā1.59%
to 2.00ā1895.08% along the treatment processes. After 25-day-storage,
cell-free ARGs in both biological effluent and disinfection effluent
increased by 0.14 log to 1.99 logs and 0.12 log to 1.77 logs respectively,
reflecting the persistence and low decay rate of cell-free ARGs in
the discharge water. Therefore, cell-free ARGs might be a kind of
important but previously neglected pollutant from WWTPs, which added
potential risks to the effluent receiving environments
Summary of IL-33 expression in squamous cell carcinoma.
<p>Summary of IL-33 expression in squamous cell carcinoma.</p
Expression of IL-33 in squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with clinical pathological characteristics of NSCLC.
<p>Expression of IL-33 in squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with clinical pathological characteristics of NSCLC.</p
Higher levels of IL-33 mRNA were correlated with prolonged overall survival of adenocarcinoma NSCLC.
<p>Survival analysis of Adenocarcinoma (A) and squamous cell carcinoma (B) with high or low IL-33 expression in NSCLC patients. Data are collected from TCGA. Log-rank test was performed.</p