Study of the Myocardial Contraction and Relaxation Velocities through Doppler Tissue Imaging Echocardiography: A New Alternative in the Assessment of the Segmental Ventricular Function

OBJECTIVE: Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) enables the study of the velocity of contraction and relaxation of myocardial segments. We established standards for the peak velocity of the different myocardial segments of the left ventricle in systole and diastole, and correlated them with the electrocardiogram. METHODS: We studied 35 healthy individuals (27 were male) with ages ranging from 12 to 59 years (32.9 ± 10.6). Systolic and diastolic peak velocities were assessed by Doppler tissue imaging in 12 segments of the left ventricle, establishing their mean values and the temporal correlation with the cardiac cycle. RESULTS: The means (and standard deviation) of the peak velocities in the basal, medial, and apical regions (of the septal, anterior, lateral, and posterior left ventricle walls) were respectively, in cm/s, 7.35(1.64), 5.26(1.88), and 3.33(1.58) in systole and 10.56(2.34), 7.92(2.37), and 3.98(1.64) in diastole. The mean time in which systolic peak velocity was recorded was 131.59ms (±19.12ms), and diastolic was 459.18ms (±18.13ms) based on the peak of the R wave of the electrocardiogram. CONCLUSION: In healthy individuals, maximum left ventricle segment velocities decreased from the bases to the ventricular apex, with certain proportionality between contraction and relaxation (P<0.05). The use of Doppler tissue imaging may be very helpful in detecting early alterations in ventricular contraction and relaxation

Clinical impact of transesophageal echocardiography in patients with stroke without clinical evidence of cardiovascular sources of emboli

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of transeophageal echocardiography on management of patients at low-risk for cardiogenic embolism to prevent new potential cardiovascular sources of emboli. METHODS: We studied 69 patients with ischemic stroke at low-risk for cardiogenic embolism. Transeophageal echocardiography was performed to access: left atrium enlargement; communication or aneurysm of the interatrial septum; patent foramen ovale; spontaneous echo contrast or intracavitary thrombi; the presence of intraaortic atherosclerotic plaques or thrombi; significant valvar morphologic alteration or dysfunction; left ventricle enlargement, hypertrophy, or contractile abnormality. Transesophageal echocardiography altered clinical management, and we adopted anticoagulant therapy or another procedure apart from the use of acetylsalicylic acid. RESULTS: Transeophageal echocardiography detected at least one abnormality in 40 cases (58%). Clinical conduct was adjusted after the performance of transesophageal echocardiography in 11 patients (15.9%); anticoagulation was added in 10 cases and surgical correction in one patient. CONCLUSION: Transeophageal echocardiography was a very useful tool in the secondary prevention for stroke in patients at low risk for cardiogenic embolism

Dose efetiva de sedação em ecocardiograma transesofágico: relação com idade, área de superfície e função do ventrículo esquerdo

FUNDAMENTO: A sedação com midazolam e meperidina é amplamente utilizada em ecocardiografia transesofágica, entretanto, não existe dose média estabelecida para cada caso. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar as doses médias de midazolam e meperidina para sedação adequada em ecocardiografia transesofágica com faixa etária, área de superfície corpórea e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 1.841 pacientes submetidos à sedação baseada na escala de Ramsay, com solução contendo midazolam 1,5 mg (1,5 ml), meperidina 1 mg (1 ml) e água destilada (7,5 ml). Analisamos quatro grupos etários: G1: < 24 anos; G2: 25 a 44 anos; G3: 45 a 64 anos; e G4: > 65 anos. Obtivemos a área de superfície corpórea pela fórmula: {[(altura x 100)0,725] x (peso0,425) x 0,0071}. Com relação à fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, estudamos dois grupos: GA: < 55%; e GB: > 55%. Na análise estatística utilizamos o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para correlação com idade e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, e correlação linear simples para área de superfície corpórea. RESULTADOS: No estudo da idade, as doses médias de sedação necessárias foram significativamente menores no G3 e G4 (p < 0,01). Na análise da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, esta foi significativamente menor no GA (p < 0,01). O coeficiente de correlação linear entre dose de sedação e área de superfície corpórea foi 0,09 (nulo). CONCLUSÃO: Houve menor dose média necessária de sedativos nos indivíduos com maior idade e em portadores de disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo, e não houve correlação com área de superfície corpórea