Oxidative alkylation of (η5-C5Me5)2TiR (R = Cl, Me, Et, CH=CH2, Ph, OMe, N=C(H)tBu) to (η5-C5Me5)2Ti(Me)R by group 12 organometallic compounds MMe2

Oxidative alkylation of Cp*2TiX (Cp*: η5-C5Me5; X = OMe, Cl, N=C(H)tBu) and Cp* 2TiMe by CdMe2 or ZnMe2 gives diamagnetic Cp*2Ti(Me)X and Cp*2TiMe2 respectively, and cadmium or zinc. The reactions of Cp*2TiR (R = Et, CH=CH2, Ph) with MMe2 (M = Cd, Zn) give statistical mixtures of Cp*2Ti(Me)R, Cp*2TiMe2 and Cp*2TiR2. Dimethylmercury does not react with Cp*2TiX.

Labor market regulation : international experience in promoting employment and social protection

Labor market regulation involves many aspects, ranging from how employers contract for the services of workers to the nature of the exchange, including terms of conditions of employment. This area of regulation represents an important and often controversial aspect of public policy in both developed and developing countries. Approaches are dominated by opposing views, one which favors the protection of workers through labor legislation and collective bargaining and the other which emphasizes the advantages of encouraging market processes. In the end, however, what matters are the economic and social outcomes of different approaches. This primer paper reviews different regulatory options regarding hiring and firing and wage determination and summarizes the existing knowledge about their labor market effects. It also reviews two important institutional aspects of labor market regulation -- enforcement and dispute resolution. In an annex to the paper, we summarize the statutory arrangements for various topics related to labor market regulation in 17 countries.Labor Management and Relations,Labor Standards,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies

Inhalable levodopa: from laboratory to the patient

Levodopa is effective in alleviating the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, but a high variability in levodopa absorption from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration causes fluctuations in the levodopa plasma concentration. Pulmonary administration of levodopa may offer an attractive alternative to oral administration, die to the larger size of the absorption membrane and the relatively low metabolic activity in the lungs. For that reason, we assessed the ability of Parkinson’s disease patients to use a dry powder inhaler (Cyclops) suitable for the administration of a high dose of levodopa during an off period. Further, we developed a levodopa inhalation powder with a very low amount of excipient, using the simple particle preparation technique micronization. Next, we performed a pilot study where we assessed the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of the levodopa with 2% l-leucine inhalation powder from the Cyclops inhaler. We performed a single center, single ascending dose response study in eight Parkinson’s disease patients. It was observed that, after inhalation, the maximum levodopa blood level occurred between 5 to 15 minutes. After oral administration, the time to maximum levodopa blood level varied considerably more and ranged from 20 to 90 minutes. None of the patients experienced cough or dyspnea and no change in pulmonary function was measured. Additionally, we assessed the user ability and convenience of the Cyclops inhaler in 60 Parkinson’s patients. Both correct opening of the pouch the inhaler is stored in and correct opening of the inhaler were assessed

Receiving by giving: The impacts of immersive service-learning for primary school-age students

Immersive service-learning (ISL) tours provide opportunities for students to deepen their academic and social learning as they provide services to others in an environment different to their home. Research on the effects of ISL tours has been conducted with secondary, tertiary, and graduate school level students, but little research exists on the effects for primary school-age students. This may be in part because of the scarcity of ISL programs available for primary school-age students. This case study research explores the impacts of an ISL service-learning experience on its primary school-age participants. The community of the metropolitan suburban school at the centre of the study had long-held beliefs in the value of such experiences for their students, but no empirical evidence existed to validate these claims. The research aimed to explore the impacts on the students from two perspectives: (i) the students themselves; and (ii) the parents of the students. These two groups formed the participant groups for the study. Mixed methods were selected for the case study; quantitative data were collected first using a custom-designed questionnaire, on two occasions: one before, and one after the ISL experience. These explored the impacts in terms of five pre-determined themes: social-emotional development; intellectual learning; empathic understandings; the nature of service; and understanding Australian culture. Results from the survey data were then used to formulate semi-structured interview questions asked for focus groups with both groups, on only one occasion, after the tour was completed. Through this methodology, a deeper understanding of the impacts has been realised, and especially through the voices of the participants. In total, nine key impacts were found: social-emotional, intellectual, and empathic development; a change in perspectives on service and Australian culture; interpersonal and personal skill development, and finally understandings of remote living, and Aboriginal culture. The case study has fulfilled the aims of justifying service learning as appropriate pedagogy for the primary-school level in finding that many benefits for these students resulted from the immersive service-learning experience. The evidence from the findings of this study has important implications, justifying the benefits service-learning experiences for primary-school teachers to deliver to, and with, their students; they can be confident that they will be making a difference in the hearts and minds of possible leaders of tomorrow

Child labor, education, and children's rights

Child labor is widespread, and bad for development, both that of the individual child, and of the society and economy in which she, or he lives. If allowed to persist to the current extent,child labor will prevent the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals of halving poverty, and achieving Education for All. Nearly all of the world's governments have ratified international human rights conventions, which call for the elimination of child labor, and the provision of universal primary education. Fulfilling these commitments is of critical importance for development. This paper reviews the international legal framework relating to child labor, and access to education, and, provides a statistical portrait of child labor and education participation. It looks at why children work from the perspective of household decision-making. Various policy options are considered, including those which improve the incentives to education relative to labor, remove constraints to schooling, and increase education participation through legislation. Conclusions are drawn in the final section.Children and Youth,Child Labor,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Street Children,Youth and Governance

Active labor market programs : policy issues for East Asia

The study debates on active labor market programs (ALMPs) as a valuable employment policy tool intended to increase the quality of labor supply, and demand, versus the disincentive, and dependent passive measures in combating unemployment. While ALMPs have been implemented to varying degrees in East Asia, they still cannot be considered an important policy instrument; yet, careful consideration by policymakers to such programs, could prove responsive to the economic crisis, and to the longer-term requirements of development. An overview of ALMPs is provided, with key issues reviewed for design consideration. The study discusses the techniques used to evaluate ALMPs, and summarizes the evidence on their impacts, identifying key variables associated with successful outcomes in the region. Recommendations suggest the following issues for the formulation of an active labor market policy: setting priorities, by initially developing strong employment services; identifying the roles of the public, and private sectors, which leads to more diverse, innovative, and cost-efficient services, closely oriented to labor demand, but focused on public priorities; promoting partnerships, and dialogue within coordinated policies, and strengthened administrative and operational capacities, provided a balanced public, and private financing is in place.Banks&Banking Reform,ICT Policy and Strategies,Health Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Labor Standards

Transforming Workplace Norms in PNG: The Role of the Business Coalition for Women

Announcing Australia's 'new aid paradigm' in June 2014, Foreign Minister, Julie Bishop, said: 'We will focus in particular on women's economic empowerment — on promoting women's leadership in politics, business, communities and families and on eliminating violence against women and children'. The link between women's economic empowerment and the elimination of violence is pertinent in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Significant and persistent gender disparities limit the capacity of all Papua New Guineans to benefit from the country's wealth of natural and human resources.AusAI

High temperature fluidized bed pyrolysis of different polyethylene structures to investigate the gas phase composition

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