Boundary work: becoming middle class in suburban Dar es Salaam

Suburban space provides a useful window onto contemporary class practices in Africa, where it is difficult to identify social classes on the basis of income or occupation. In this article I argue that the middle classes and the suburbs are mutually constitutive in the Tanzanian city of Dar es Salaam. Using interviews with residents and local government officials in the city's northern suburbs, I discuss the material and representational practices of middle-class boundary work in relation to land and landscape. If the middle classes do not presently constitute a coherent political-economic force, they are nevertheless transforming the city's former northern peri-urban zones into desirable suburban residential neighbourhoods

The Role of Mobile Phones in Tanzania’s Informal Construction Sector:The Case of Dar es Salaam

The Pierre Auger Observatory is currently the largest detector for measurements of cosmic rays with energies beyond 10^18 eV. It uses a hybrid detection method with fluorescence telescopes and surface detector stations. Cosmic rays with energies above 10^15 eV cannot be studied directly but they interact with the atmosphere and produce secondary particle cascades, called extensive air shower. These air showers carry information about the energy, the arrival direction and the chemical composition of the primary cosmic ray particle. The fluorescence telescopes measure the longitudinal air shower profile, whereas the surface detector stations study the lateral profile on the ground. The combination of both detectors provides measurements of cosmic rays with high accuracy.This thesis is focused on the study of the chemical composition of cosmic rays with the virtual fluorescence telescope HECO, which is the combination of the low energy enhancement HEAT (High Elevation Auger Telescopes) and the Coihueco telescope station. HEAT consists of 3 additional fluorescence telescopes, extending the energy range down to below 10^17.0 eV. The cosmic rays with energies between 10^17 eV to 10^18.4 eV are studied, which is the expected transition region from galactic to extra galactic cosmic rays.For the analysis of the chemical composition the atmospheric depth of the air shower maximum Xmax is used. The distribution of Xmax is depending on the atomic mass of the primary cosmic ray particle.An improved profile reconstruction using air shower universality is introduced in the reconstruction and several cross checks on the acquired data and simulations are performed. A complete Monte Carlo based composition analysis is performed to validate the analysis method. The systematic uncertainties of the analysis are studied in detail. The resulting first moments, the mean and the variance of the measured Xmax-distribution per energy bin are compared to theoretical predictions from current cosmic ray interaction models. Additionally, a new fit method is introduced to fit chemical composition fractions based on prediction from interaction models. A parametrization based on Gumbel statistics and air shower simulation is used to describe the Xmax-distribution as a function of energy and primary atomic mass. A superposition model of these parametrization is fitted on a simulated scenario to find the optimal fit routine. The method is applied on the measured Xmax data including all know systematic uncertainties. The findings of this thesis are compared to published results of other experiments. The results of all interaction models suggest a heavy composition at 10^17.0 eV that becomes lighter up to 10^18.4 eV, where it is composed of a mixture of nuclei with light atomic masses

Education in Tanzania in the Era of Globalisation : Challenges and Opportunities

Education in Tanzania in the Era of Globalisation Challenges and Opportunities is a product of papers presented at a National Education Conference held in Dodoma, Tanzania in November 2016 and organised by the Aga Khan University-Institute for Educational Development, East Africa (AKU-IED-EA). At present, Tanzania's development direction is guided by Vision 2025, which aims to achieve a high quality livelihood for its people be attainment of Vision 2025 will depend largely on rapid socio-economic development based on several social and economic pillars including, most importantly, education. Clearly, for Tanzania, the scope and quality of education remains the single most important prerequisite to the attainment of Vision 2025 and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The individual chapters in this publication, and their collective thrust, discuss the challenges in the education system in good faith and in the spirit of cooperation and collaboration guided by the belief that it is not the responsibility of the Government alone to see how these can be addressed. AKU IED EA has identd this as the responsibility of all well-meaning corporate bodies and citizens, and initiated thst conference of its type as its contribution to thore conference, as well as the publication, has to be seen as a model of good practice for universities in terms of sharing knowledge, experience, and practice with other stakeholders who are not in the academy, and more so, with politicians as well as government policy planners. The various authors of Education in Tanzania in the Era of Globalisation Challenges and Opportunities discuss issues within the context of the Tanzanian political economy against thects of globalization and seek to initiate a new kind of debate that is long overdue; a debate aimed at charting out appropriate strategies whose objective is to improve the quality of education in Tanzania so that it becomes a useful vehicle in enhancing processes of social change, transformation and development

Challenges to the implementation of health sector decentralization in Tanzania : experiences from Kongwa district council

Background: During the 1990s, the government of Tanzania introduced the decentralization by devolution (D by D) approach involving the transfer of functions, power and authority from the centre to the local government authorities (LGAs) to improve the delivery of public goods and services, including health services. Objective: This article examines and documents the experiences facing the implementation of decentralization of health services from the perspective of national and district officials. Design: The study adopted a qualitative approach, and data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were analysed for themes and patterns. Results: The results showed several benefits of decentralization, including increased autonomy in local resource mobilization and utilization, an enhanced bottom-up planning approach, increased health workers' accountability and reduction of bureaucratic procedures in decision making. The findings also revealed several challenges which hinder the effective functioning of decentralization. These include inadequate funding, untimely disbursement of funds from the central government, insufficient and unqualified personnel, lack of community participation in planning and political interference. Conclusion: The article concludes that the central government needs to adhere to the principles that established the local authorities and grant more autonomy to them, offer special incentives to staff working in the rural areas and create the capacity for local key actors to participate effectively in the planning process