Toxicity of piplartine and niclosamide to the freshwater microcrustacean <i>D. similis</i> and the fish <i>D. rerio</i>.

<p>Data are presented as EC₅₀ or LC₅₀ (µg/ml) with the respective 95% confidence limits in brackets.</p><p>Toxicity classification: Cat. 1 - acute toxicity ≤1.00 µg/ml; Cat. 2 - acute toxicity >1.00 but ≤10.0 µg/ml; Cat. 3 - acute toxicity >10.0 but <100 µg/ml <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002251#pntd.0002251-Abiquim1" target="_blank">[28]</a>.</p

Morphological changes in <i>D. rerio</i> during the 48 hours of exposure to piplartine.

<p><b>A</b>) Leakage of the ocular pigment caused by 1.8 ppm piplartine, <b>B</b>) tissue alterations on the head and mouth caused by 1.6 µg/ml piplartine, <b>C</b>) exophthalmia and hemorrhage caused by 1.4 µg/ml piplartine and D) control group.</p

Mortality of <i>B. glabrata</i> adults exposed to methanolic extracts of different organs of <i>Piper tuberculatum</i>.

<p>n = 30 adult snails.</p><p>Values were obtained at the end of the 7^th day of observation.</p

Calculated (squares) and predicted (circles) PLS data.

<p>These data were generated from ESIMS data, versus measured and autoscaled LC₅₀ values of <i>P. tuberculatum</i> extracts for <i>B. glabrata</i>.</p

<i>B. glabrata</i> embryos exposed to piplartine at the blastula stage.

<p><b>A</b>) Immediately following exposure to 1.2 µg/ml piplartine, <b>B</b>) during the 7 day observation period after exposure to 1.0 µg/ml piplartine (1- dead, 2 - normal, 3 – malformed).</p

LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ for <i>B. glabrata</i> embryos and adults exposed to piplartine.

<p>[ ] 95% confidence interval.</p><p>nc – not calculated.</p

Mortality of <i>B. glabrata</i> adults and embryos exposed to amides (20 µg/ml).

<p>n = 10 snails for the adult stage; total embryo number for the other stages.</p><p>0^* = negative control (1% DMSO).</p><p>Values were obtained at the end of the 7^th day of observation.</p