SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE COMPONENT LIGHT THE WITHIN ARTISTIC DISCOURSE

Purpose: To conduct lexical and semantic analysis on the concept light in the artistic discourse of postmodern fiction. Methodology: In this research, comparative method, search for synonyms, continuous sampling and seminal analysis are used. Main Findings: As a result, it becomes obvious that the boundaries of the artistic concepts are extremely blurred and much wider than the boundaries of the corresponding non-artistic concepts. In conclusion, the concept light is frequently used in English artistic discourses, i.e. significant in the culture, and a special status in the semantic space of the concept light has the meaning of knowledge and information. Applications: The study results can be used by students and universities. Novelty/Originality: In this research, a model of the semantic features of the phraseological units with the component light is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner

The Leydig Steroid Cell Tumor in a Postmenopausal Woman with Clinical and Biochemical Hyperandrogenism: A Case Report

Leydig cell tumors (LCTs) refer to tumors of the stroma of the genital strand, which are found mainly in postmenopausal women. The diagnosis of LCTs in postmenopausal women is associated with specific difficulties and is based on the identification of hyperandrogenism with clinical manifestations of virilization, which has an erased picture in postmenopausal women. LCTs require differential diagnosis with other causes of hyperandrogenism. We present the clinical case of a 55-year-old Russian postmenopausal patient with LCTs of the right ovary, significantly increased levels of androgens, and rapidly progressive clinical signs of hyperandrogenism. The patient underwent laparoscopic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and the androgen indices reached average values by the first and third month after surgery. This case demonstrates that LCTs are often benign with a good prognosis and normalization of the clinical and laboratory manifestations of hyperandrogenism after surgical treatment. The type of surgery performed (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy rather than unilateral) is recommended as the treatment of choice for LCTs in postmenopausal patients

The State and Dynamics of Biological Communities in the Rybinsk Reservoir under Climate Changes

На основе анализа многолетних данных по структурным характеристикам фито- (1954–2014 гг.) и зоопланктона (2004–2013 гг.), а также содержанию хлорофилла в воде и донных отложениях (2009–2014 гг.) Рыбинского водохранилища (Верхняя Волга, Россия) показано, что современные климатические изменения приводят к трансформации состояния и динамики биологических сообществ водохранилища, характерной при увеличении трофии пресноводных экосистем. После аномально жаркого лета 2010 г. выявлен резкий подъем концентрации хлорофилла в воде с преобладанием величин, характерных для эвтрофных и высокоэвтрофных вод. Распределение растительных пигментов в донных отложениях в разные годы было сходным и отражало характерную для водохранилища специфику структуры грунтового комплекса. В сезонной динамике биомассы фитопланктона и концентрации хлорофилла летний максимум, обусловленный развитием цианобактерий, стал доминировать над весенним. В структуре фитопланктона увеличились пропорции цианобактерий и миксотрофных фитофлагеллят, отмечены инвазии солоновато-водных диатомовых и уменьшение размеров клеток. В сезонной динамике биомассы зоопланктона сформировался второй позднелетний (август) пик, максимально проявившийся в аномально жаркое лето 2010 г. Кроме того, наблюдалось смещение на одну–две недели сроков начала и окончания сезонного цикла ряда видов зоопланктона относительно 1960–1970-х гг. Появление летнего дефицита растворенного кислорода (О2 1–4 мг/л в слое 1–7 м над дном) привело к локальному изменению вертикального распределения ракообразных-фильтраторов и снижению их обилия до трех разThe long-term data on structural characteristics of phytoplankton (1954–2014) and zooplankton (2004–2013), as well as chlorophyll content in the water and bottom sediments (2009–2014) in the Rybinsk Reservoir (Upper Volga, Russia) were analyzed. It was shown that the modern climate changes lead to transformation in the state and dynamics of biological communities that is characteristic of the trophicity increase. After the abnormally hot summer of 2010 a sharp rise in chlorophyll content in water with a predominance of values typical for eutrophic and highly eutrophic conditions was detected. Distribution of plant pigments in the bottom sediments was similar in different years, which shows the specific character of the sediment complex structure in the reservoir. In the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll concentration the summer maximum caused by development of cyanobacteria began to dominate above the spring one. In the structure of phytoplankton the proportions of cyanobacteria and myxotrophic phytophagellates increased, the invasion of brackish-water diatoms was marked, and diminution of the cell size was noted. In seasonal dynamics of zooplankton biomass the second late peak was formed in August and it was particularly pronounced in the abnormally hot summer of 2010. In addition, there was a 1–2 week shift in timing of the beginning and ending in seasonal cycle of a number of zooplankton species relative to the 1960–1970s. Appearance of a summer dissolved oxygen deficiency (up to 1–4 mg O2/L in the layer of 1–7 m above the bottom) resulted in a local change in the vertical distribution of crustacean filtrators and decrease in their abundance up to three time

Characteristics of Root Cells during In Vitro Rhizogenesis under Action of NaCl in Two Tomato Genotypes Differing in Salt Tolerance

Understanding the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance as a complex trait is an integral part of many studies, the results of which have been used in the breeding process. The aim of this study was to compare the root response of two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes (breeding line YaLF and cultivar Recordsmen) differing in salt tolerance. Rhizogenesis was induced in tomato shoots in vitro with different concentrations of NaCl in the culture medium. A number of morphobiological and cytological parameters were evaluated at the organ, tissue, and cellular levels for possible use in a comprehensive assessment of genotypes for salt tolerance. The influence of NaCl caused disruption of the cell cycle and redistribution of cells in the phases of the cell cycle. An increase in the degree of vacuolization was shown in cv Recordsmen at 75 and 150 mM NaCl and in the YaLF line at 150 mM NaCl. Under salt action, an increase/decrease in the length of cells such as columella cells (both genotypes) and epidermal cells (in cv Recordsmen at 75 and 150 mM NaCl) was shown. Differences between genotypes were demonstrated by changes in the area of the central cylinder and primary root cortex cells, as well as by changes of the Snucleolus/Snucleus ratio in these cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the modification of the chromatin structure in the root cells of these genotypes. Various cytoskeletal disorders were revealed in interphase cells of the tomato root of cv Recordsmen and the YaLF line by immunofluorescent staining under saline conditions. These morphometric and cytological parameters can be used for a comparative evaluation of genotypes differing in salt tolerance in a comprehensive assessment of varieties

Salt Stress-Induced Structural Changes Are Mitigated in Transgenic Tomato Plants Over-Expressing Superoxide Dismutase

Various abiotic stresses cause the appearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells, which seriously damage the cellular structures. The engineering of transgenic plants with higher production of ROS-scavenging enzyme in plant cells could protect the integrity of such a fine intracellular structure as the cytoskeleton and each cellular compartment. We analyzed the morphological changes in root tip cells caused by the application of iso-osmotic NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions to tomato plants harboring an introduced superoxide dismutase gene. To study the roots of tomato plants cultivar Belyi Naliv (WT) and FeSOD-transgenic line, we examined the distribution of ROS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent detection of α-tubulin. In addition, longitudinal sections of the root apexes were compared. Transmission electronic microscopy of atypical cytoskeleton structures was also performed. The differences in the microtubules cortical network between WT and transgenic plants without salt stress were detected. The differences were found in the cortical network of microtubules between WT and transgenic plants in the absence of salt stress. While an ordered microtubule network was revealed in the root cells of WT tomato, no such degree of ordering was detected in transgenic line cells. The signs of microtubule disorganization in root cells of WT plants were manifested under the NaCl treatment. On the contrary, the cytoskeleton structural organization in the transgenic line cells was more ordered. Similar changes, including the cortical microtubules disorganization, possibly associated with the formation of atypical tubulin polymers as a response to salt stress caused by Na2SO4 treatment, were also observed. Changes in cell size, due to both vacuolization and impaired cell expansion in columella zone and cap initials, were responsible for the root tip tissue modification

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Gut Microbiota: Phenotype Matters

Abnormalities in gut microbiota diversity are considered important mechanisms in metabolic disorders in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). However, the data on the association of these disorders with the PCOS phenotype remain controversial. The objectives of this study were to estimate the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota of healthy women and PCOS patients depending on phenotype. The study participants (184 premenopausal women: 63 with PCOS, 121 without PCOS) were recruited during the annual employment assessment in the Irkutsk Region and the Buryat Republic (Russia) in 2016–2019. For PCOS diagnosis, we used the Rotterdam (2003) criteria and definitions of PCOS phenotypes. Five indexes of alpha diversity (ASV, Shannon, Simpson, Chao, and ACE) were estimated for the gut microbiota in all participants using amplicon metasequencing. As a result, two out of five alpha diversity indexes showed a statistical difference between the non-PCOS and PCOS groups. We did not find a significant difference in the alpha diversity of gut microbiota in the subgroups of women with hyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes vs non-androgenic phenotype D and the group of women with the presence of only one of the PCOS criteria. Nevertheless, “classic” PCOS phenotypes demonstrated the most significant decrease in alpha diversity compared with healthy women without any signs of PCOS

The State and Dynamics of Biological Communities in the Rybinsk Reservoir under Climate Changes

На основе анализа многолетних данных по структурным характеристикам фито- (1954–2014 гг.) и зоопланктона (2004–2013 гг.), а также содержанию хлорофилла в воде и донных отложениях (2009–2014 гг.) Рыбинского водохранилища (Верхняя Волга, Россия) показано, что современные климатические изменения приводят к трансформации состояния и динамики биологических сообществ водохранилища, характерной при увеличении трофии пресноводных экосистем. После аномально жаркого лета 2010 г. выявлен резкий подъем концентрации хлорофилла в воде с преобладанием величин, характерных для эвтрофных и высокоэвтрофных вод. Распределение растительных пигментов в донных отложениях в разные годы было сходным и отражало характерную для водохранилища специфику структуры грунтового комплекса. В сезонной динамике биомассы фитопланктона и концентрации хлорофилла летний максимум, обусловленный развитием цианобактерий, стал доминировать над весенним. В структуре фитопланктона увеличились пропорции цианобактерий и миксотрофных фитофлагеллят, отмечены инвазии солоновато-водных диатомовых и уменьшение размеров клеток. В сезонной динамике биомассы зоопланктона сформировался второй позднелетний (август) пик, максимально проявившийся в аномально жаркое лето 2010 г. Кроме того, наблюдалось смещение на одну–две недели сроков начала и окончания сезонного цикла ряда видов зоопланктона относительно 1960–1970-х гг. Появление летнего дефицита растворенного кислорода (О2 1–4 мг/л в слое 1–7 м над дном) привело к локальному изменению вертикального распределения ракообразных-фильтраторов и снижению их обилия до трех разThe long-term data on structural characteristics of phytoplankton (1954–2014) and zooplankton (2004–2013), as well as chlorophyll content in the water and bottom sediments (2009–2014) in the Rybinsk Reservoir (Upper Volga, Russia) were analyzed. It was shown that the modern climate changes lead to transformation in the state and dynamics of biological communities that is characteristic of the trophicity increase. After the abnormally hot summer of 2010 a sharp rise in chlorophyll content in water with a predominance of values typical for eutrophic and highly eutrophic conditions was detected. Distribution of plant pigments in the bottom sediments was similar in different years, which shows the specific character of the sediment complex structure in the reservoir. In the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll concentration the summer maximum caused by development of cyanobacteria began to dominate above the spring one. In the structure of phytoplankton the proportions of cyanobacteria and myxotrophic phytophagellates increased, the invasion of brackish-water diatoms was marked, and diminution of the cell size was noted. In seasonal dynamics of zooplankton biomass the second late peak was formed in August and it was particularly pronounced in the abnormally hot summer of 2010. In addition, there was a 1–2 week shift in timing of the beginning and ending in seasonal cycle of a number of zooplankton species relative to the 1960–1970s. Appearance of a summer dissolved oxygen deficiency (up to 1–4 mg O2/L in the layer of 1–7 m above the bottom) resulted in a local change in the vertical distribution of crustacean filtrators and decrease in their abundance up to three time

Establishing Normative Values to Determine the Prevalence of Biochemical Hyperandrogenism in Premenopausal Women of Different Ethnicities from Eastern Siberia

Androgen assessment is a key element for diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and defining a “normal” level of circulating androgens is critical for epidemiological studies. We determined the upper normal limits (UNLs) for androgens in a population-based group of premenopausal “healthy control” women, overall and by ethnicity (Caucasian and Asian), in the cross-sectional Eastern Siberia PCOS Epidemiology and Phenotype (ESPEP) Study (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05194384) conducted in 2016–2019. Overall, we identified a “healthy control” group consisting of 143 healthy premenopausal women without menstrual dysfunction, hirsutism, polycystic ovaries, or medical disorders. We analyzed serum total testosterone (TT) by using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and DHEAS, sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), TSH, prolactin, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) were assessed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The UNLs for the entire population for the TT, free androgen index (FAI), and DHEAS were determined as the 98th percentiles in healthy controls as follows: 67.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 48.1, 76.5) ng/dl, 5.4 (3.5, 14.0), and 355 (289, 371) μg/dl, respectively. The study results demonstrated that the UNLs for TT and FAI varied by ethnicity, whereas the DHEAS UNLs were comparable in the ethnicities studied