Change in neonicotinoid residues in honey pre- and post-moratorium.

<p>The first graph (<b>A</b>) shows the change in average (±SE) combined (clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid) residues found in honey over time. Due to the limited number of samples the pre-moratorium period is combined into a single value. The second graph (<b>B</b>) shows how the proportion of honey samples containing neonicotinoid residues changed over time. Note that residues of more than one neonicotinoid type may appear in a single honey sample. As such the proportion of samples containing either clothianidin, thiamethoxam or imidacloprid has been scaled so that when combined it does not exceed the proportion of honey samples containing neonicotinoid residues of any type. Where N = the number of honey samples for a particular time period.</p

Location of UK honey samples.

<p>The two maps show the location of honey samples collected in 2014–15 superimposed over the cover of all arable crops (A) and oilseed rape (B).</p

Summary of neonicotinoids residues found in honey pre- and post the EU moratorium.

<p>Summary of neonicotinoids residues found in honey pre- and post the EU moratorium.</p

Response of combined neonicotinoid residues in honey to land use.

<p>The graphs show the back transformed model predictions (±SE) for the response of combined neonicotinoid residues found in honey to (<b>A</b>) oilseed rape cover, (<b>B</b>) winter sown cereals and (<b>C</b>) total arable cover. All honey was collected in 2015 during the first year where the use of neonicotinoids seed treatments had been banned on mass flowering crop in the EU. All percentage covers are within 2 km radii of individual hives. Neonicotinoid residues represent the combined concentration of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin.</p