Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work

Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work

Erratum: Towards a muon collider

The original online version of this article was revised: The additional reference [139] has been added. Tao Han’s ORICD ID has been incorrectly assigned to Chengcheng Han and Chengcheng Han’s ORCID ID to Tao Han. Yang Ma’s ORCID ID has been incorrectly assigned to Lianliang Ma, and Lianliang Ma’s ORCID ID to Yang Ma. The original article has been corrected

Impact of Late Dosing on Testosterone Suppression with Two Different Leuprolide Acetate Formulations: In Situ Gel and Microsphere - An Analysis of US Clinical Data.

PURPOSE: Non-adherence to dosing schedules for androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) increases risk of testosterone (T) escape for prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Two approved formulations of leuprolide acetate (LA), the most commonly prescribed ADT in the US, use different extended-release delivery technologies: an in situ gel and microspheres. We evaluated the prevalence and impact of late dosing on T suppression for Gel-LA and Msphere-LA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed records of PCa patients treated with Gel-LA or Msphere-LA. Analyses used 2 definitions of \u27month\u27: \u2728-day\u27 (late dosing after day 28, 84, 112 or 168) and \u27extended\u27 (late dosing after day 32, 97, 128 and 194). Frequencies of late dosing and associated T values were calculated. RESULTS: 2,038 patients received Gel-LA and 8,360 received Msphere-LA. More than 80% and 27% of injections were late for 28-day and extended month, respectively. For 28-day month late injections, 10% (Gel-LA) and 14% (Msphere-LA) of T values were \u3e50ng/dL, and 25% (Gel-LA) vs. 33% (Msphere-LA) were \u3e20ng/dL. For extended month, 18% (Gel-LA) vs. 25% (Msphere-LA) were \u3e50ng/dL, and 34% (Gel-LA) vs. 44% (Msphere-LA) were \u3e20ng/dL. Msphere-LA was 1.5x more likely to have T \u3e50/20ng/dL vs. Gel-LA. Least-square mean T was 34ng/dL (Gel-LA) vs. 46ng/dL (Msphere-LA) for 28-day month, and 48ng/dL (Gel-LA) vs. 76ng/dL (Msphere-LA) for extended month. CONCLUSIONS: Leuprolide acetate therapies were frequently administered late. Gel-LA demonstrated higher rates of T ≤50ng/dL and ≤20ng/dL than Msphere-LA. Optimal T suppression can impact PCa progression and patient survival and differences in extended-release technology for ADT appear relevant

The Impact of Late Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonist Dosing on Testosterone Suppression in Patients with Prostate Cancer: An Analysis of United States Clinical Data.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the timeliness of androgen deprivation therapy dosing, the impact of dosing nonadherence on testosterone, and the frequency of testosterone and prostate specific antigen testing in patients with prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 22,860 patients with prostate cancer treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Analyses were done using 2 definitions of month, including a 28-day month (late dosing after day 28, 84, 112 or 168) and an extended month (late after day 32, 97, 128 or 194) for 1, 3, 4 and 6-month formulations, respectively. The prevalence of late dosing, associated testosterone values, and the frequency of testosterone and prostate specific antigen testing were assessed. Statistical significance was assessed with the unpaired t-test. RESULTS: Of the injections 84% and 27% were late for the 28-day and extended month analyses, respectively. For the 28-day month 60% and 29% of injections were late by more than 1 and more than 2 weeks, respectively. Of testosterone values 4% were greater than 50 ng/dl for early/on time injections using both definitions, and 15% and 27% were greater than 50 ng/dl when late, and for the 28-day month and the extended month, respectively. For early/on time vs late injections 22% vs 31% of testosterone values were greater than 20 ng/dl for the 28-day month and 21% vs 43% for the extended month. Mean testosterone was higher when late CONCLUSIONS: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists were frequently (84%) administered later than the schedules used in pivotal trials. Nearly half of the late testosterone values for the extended month were greater than 20 ng/dl and mean testosterone was almost double the castration level. Elevated testosterone remained unidentified with infrequent testing