SEM photomicrographs showing the effects of ClCl-flav on bacterial cell morphology: a, c, e, g—controls; b, d, f, h—ClCl-flav exposed cells (2 × MIC).

<p>Arrows indicate irreversible morphological damage of treated bacterial cells. These scanning electron photomicrographs are representative of a typical result.</p

The efflux of 260 nm-absorbing materials from <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> (a) and <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> (b) cells after ClCl-flav exposure.

<p>Results are presented as mean (n = 3) ± S.E.M. Asterisk denotes a significant difference (*P < 0.05) vs. Control.</p

Structure of flavonoid ClCl-flav.

<p>Structure of flavonoid ClCl-flav.</p

Effect of the ClCl-flav exposure on membrane permeability of exponential-phase cells to acridine orange/propidium iodide (a—<i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>) and ethidium bromide (b—<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>).

<p>Values are mean ± S.E.M. Asterisk denotes a significant difference (*P < 0.05) vs. Control.</p

SEM photomicrographs showing the effects of ClCl-flav on bacterial cell morphology: a, c, e, g—controls; b, d, f, h—ClCl-flav exposed cells (2 × MIC).

<p>Arrows indicate irreversible morphological damage of treated bacterial cells. These scanning electron photomicrographs are representative of a typical result.</p

Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ClCl-flav against tested bacteria.

<p>Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ClCl-flav against tested bacteria.</p

Time-kill curves after treatment with ClCl-flav at different concentrations.

<p>a–<i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>; b–<i>B</i>. <i>subtilis</i>; c–<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>; d–<i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i>. Each symbol indicates the means for at least three replicates. Bars represent confidence interval (P < 0.05).</p

Cytotoxicity assessment of HeLa and Vero cells incubated with ClCl-flav at different concentrations.

<p>All experiments were performed in at least triplicate.</p

Comparative <i>in vitro</i> activities of ClCl-flav against bacterial biofilms at different concentrations.

<p>a–<i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>; b–<i>B</i>. <i>subtilis</i>; c–<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>; d–<i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i>. Values are means of at least three replicates. Bars represent confidence interval (P < 0.05).</p

Effect of ClCl-flav on bacterial growth dynamics at different concentrations.

<p>a–<i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> (MIC– 0.24 μg/mL); b–<i>B</i>. <i>subtilis</i> (MIC– 0.24 μg/mL); c–<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> (MIC– 3.9 μg/mL); d–<i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> (MIC– 3.9 μg/mL).</p