Respostas da entomofauna aquática em relação às características do substrato e aos impactos do uso antrópico recreativo em um ambiente lótico

Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a resposta da comunidade de insetos aquáticos em relação à intensidade do uso recreativo humano, além da composição em diferentes mesohabitats presentes no curso d’água. As amostras foram coletadas em um córrego em diferentes microhabitats em áreas classificadas pelo uso dos visitantes (Baixo, Médio e Intenso) e diferenciadas em quatro mesohabitats (areia, cachoeira, folha e pedra). Um total de 952 indivíduos distribuídos em nove ordens e 14 famílias foram coletados. A ordem mais abundante foi Diptera (431, 45,27%), seguida de Ephemeroptera (366, 38,45%). A família mais abundante foi Baetidae (325, 34,14%), seguida de Chironomidae (237, 24,89%), Simuliidae (94, 9,87%), Ceratopogonidae (77, 8,08%) e Hydropsychidae (56, 6,09%). Em relação ao uso humano, houve uma diferença significativa na composição da fauna. Na área com uso intenso, houve uma predominância de Chironomidae e Hydroptilidae, enquanto na área de baixo uso, Perlidae foi mais frequente. O substrato de pedra apresentou o maior número de táxons. Observamos uma tendência para a composição da comunidade diferir entre mesohabitats. As necessidades específicas de cada grupo biológico refletem a ocupação do habitat, apresentando diferentes números de indivíduos. Podemos verificar que a intensidade do uso das cachoeiras afeta diretamente a comunidade de insetos aquáticos, seja por perturbação e destruição de microhabitats específicos das espécies ou pelo deslocamento de indivíduos ao longo do curso d’água

FIGURES3A–F. Anacroneuria calori n in New species and records of Anacroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from the northeastern semi-arid region of Brazil

FIGURES3A–F. Anacroneuria calori n. sp.A.Holotype adult male, sternum IX with hammer.B. Penial armature of the male in ventral view. C. Dorsal view. D. Male penial armature in lateral view, indicating the terminal tube. E. Female terminalia, ventral view. F.Egg

Gripopteryx elisae Illies 1964

Gripopteryx elisae Illies, 1964 Gripopteryx elisae Illies, 1964, p. 49. Gripopteryx elisae — Illies, 1966, p. 30. Gripopteryx elisae — Froehlich, 1969, p. 19. Gripopteryx elisae — Froehlich, 2010, p 132. Diagnostic characters. General color brown, extremities and the last two abdominal segments yellowish, length of forewing 10.5 mm; tergum 10 rectangular in dorsal view; paraprocts long, sickle-shaped, compressed, with rounded apex (Illies 1964); nymph with spines on abdominal terga 1 to 9. Remarks. The description of G. elisae was based on a newly emerged specimen, which makes it difficult to evaluate the final state of some characters. Gripopteryx elisae has elongate paraprocts that extend above the margin of tergum 10 and a short epiproct. The type was not seen, but Dr. Peter Zwick provided images of the wings, the original illustrations, and clarified some doubts about the morphology of the specimen.Published as part of Lecci, Lucas Silveira & Froehlich, Claudio Gilberto, 2011, Taxonomic revision of Gripopteryx (Pictet, 1841) (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae), pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 2792 on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27697

Gripopteryx Pictet 1841

Key to last instar nymphs of Gripopteryx (Pictet 1841) * 1 Tergum 10 with dorsal spine (Fig. 12 a).................................................................... 2 - Tergum 10 without dorsal spine (Fig. 12 i).................................................................. 7 2 Spine of tergum 10 ventrally curved (Fig. 12 b).............................................................. 3 - Spine of tergum 10 not curved (Fig. 12 f)................................................................... 5 3 Thoracic spines long (Fig. 12 a)..................................................................... G. juetah - Thoracic spines short (Fig. 12 c).......................................................................... 4 4 Spine of tergum 10 longer than gills (Fig. 8 d)...................................................... G. japi n. sp. - Spine of tergum 10 shorter than gills (Fig. 12 c)......................................................... G. liana 5 Thoracic spines short (Fig. 12 d).................................................................... G. pilosa - Thoracic spines long (Fig. 12 e)........................................................................... 6 6 Spines on abdominal terga 1–7 short, on 8–10 progressively longer and thicker posteriorly; pronotum with two pairs of long spines (Fig. 12 e)............................................................................... G. coruja - Spines on abdominal terga 1–8 short, on 9–10 becoming progressively longer (Fig. 12g); pronotum with a single pair of long spines......................................................................................... G. pinina 7 Pronotum relatively narrow (Fig. 12 h and 12 i)...................................................... G. reticulata - Pronotum relatively wide (Fig. 12 k)....................................................................... 8 8 Mature nymphs small, body length around 7 mm (Fig. 12 j); color ocher................................... G. garbei - Mature nymphs medium–sized, body length 7.8–9.4 mm (Fig. 12 k and 12 i); color dark brown................ G. cancellataPublished as part of Lecci, Lucas Silveira & Froehlich, Claudio Gilberto, 2011, Taxonomic revision of Gripopteryx (Pictet, 1841) (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae), pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 2792 on page 17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27697

Gripopteryx pardina Navas 1936

Gripopteryx pardina Navás, 1936 Gripopteryx pardina Navás, 1936, p. 730. Gripopteryx pardina — Illies, 1963, p. 155. Synonym of G. cancellata. Gripopteryx pardina — Froehlich, 1993, p. 19. 23–24. Valid species. Gripopteryx pardina — Froehlich, 2010, p. 133. Valid species. Material examined. Holotype female. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia. Diagnostic characters. General color brown, forewing 13 mm long (Navás 1936; Froehlich 1993); wings spotted; female subgenital plate with apical notch (Froehlich 1993); female sternum 9 membranous, apex of broadly rounded and bent down (Froehlich 1993). Remarks. Illies (1966) considered G. p a rd i n a as species inquirenda, but Froehlich (1993) redescribed it and considered it a valid species by its distinctive pattern of spots on the wings, by the high number of cercomeres for its size and by the shape of its subgenital plate.Published as part of Lecci, Lucas Silveira & Froehlich, Claudio Gilberto, 2011, Taxonomic revision of Gripopteryx (Pictet, 1841) (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae), pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 2792 on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27697

Gripopteryx Pictet 1841

Key to adult males of <i>Gripopteryx</i> (Pictet 1841) <p>1 Tergum 10 large, apex more or less straight in dorsal view; paraprocts long, broader at mid–length, bent dorso–anteriorly, (Fig. 10a, b).............................................................................................. 2</p> <p> - Apex of tergum 10 approximately triangular in shape [but squarish in <i>G. ga rbe i</i>] (Fig. 10h)........................... 3</p> <p> 2 Tergum 10 with posterolateral expansions (Fig. 10a); apex of paraprocts with a small sharp point directed outward (Fig. 6 c)................................................................................................. <i>G. flinti</i></p> <p> - Tergum abdominal 10 without posterolateral expansions (Fig. 10b); apex of paraprocts rounded................. <i>G. elisae</i></p> <p>3 Wings with homogeneous dark brown or black coloration...................................................... 4</p> <p>- Wings gray or yellowish, with some irregular spots........................................................... 6</p> <p> 4 Paraprocts uniformly broad; sclerotized epiproct present (Fig. 10c).................................... <i>G. cancellata</i></p> <p>- Paraprocts locally dilated and apices curved back; sclerotized epiproct absent...................................... 5</p> <p> 5 Paraprocts long, broad, curved over 10th tergum; apex broadly rounded (Fig. 3 c)......................... <i>G. brasiliensis</i></p> <p> - Paraprocts long, relatively thin, not curved over 10th tergum; apex narrowly pointed, curved dorsally (Fig. 10d and 10e)................................................................................................ <i>G. serrensis</i></p> <p>6 Paraprocts with dorsally hooked apex in lateral view (Fig. 2 c and 10f)............................................ 7</p> <p>- Paraprocts without dorsally hooked apex, apex rounded in lateral view........................................... 8</p> <p> 7 Small species, forewing 8.5–9.3 mm long; general coloration pale, (see terminalia in Figs. 10f–g)............... <i>G. g a r b e i</i></p> <p> - Large species, forewing 16.5–18.6 mm long; general coloration gray, (see terminalia in Fig. 2 b–d)............ <i>G. reticulata</i></p> <p>8 Subgenital plate with shallow notch apically (Fig. 10i)........................................................9</p> <p>- Subgenital plate without shallow notch apically............................................................. 11</p> <p> 9 Paraprocts moderately wide, apicomesal portions deeply concave (Fig. 10h and 10i)......................... <i>G. p i ni m a</i></p> <p>- Paraprocts moderately narrow, without concavity to near apices................................................ 10</p> <p> 10 Paraprocts flattened (Fig. 11a), relatively narrow (Fig. 11b); subgenital plate covers all sternum 10 (Fig. 11b)........ <i>G. liana</i></p> <p> - Paraprocts not flattened (Fig. 11b), medium broad (Fig. 7 d); subgenital plate not covering all sternum 10 (Fig. 7 c and 7d)............................................................................................... <i>G. japi</i> <b>n. sp.</b></p> <p>11 Epiproct with rounded apex; paraproct relatively broad and not concave dorsally.................................. 12</p> <p> - Epiproct short and pointed (Fig. 9 e); paraproct very broad (Fig. 9 c) and concave dorsally (Fig. 9 b)......... <i>G. clemira</i> <b>n. sp.</b></p> <p>12 Paraprocts relatively wide; epiproct not projecting beyond 10th tergum (Fig.10h); no sparse, long pilosity on antennae and legs................................................................................................... 13</p> <p> - Paraprocts slender, epiproct projecting beyond 10th tergum (Fig. 11d); sparse long pilosity on antennae and legs..... <i>G. pilosa</i></p> <p>13 Paraprocts in lateral view wider apically and slightly slender basally (Fig. 11g).................................... 14</p> <p> - Paraprocts in lateral view of uniform thickness throughout (Fig. 11c).................................... <i>G. ma cu lo sa</i></p> <p> 14 Apex of 10th tergum strongly turned ventrally, terminating close to tip of epiproct (Fig. 11e–f)................... <i>G. j ue t ah</i></p> <p> - Apex of 10th tergum not strongly turned ventrally, apex terminating far from epiproct (Fig. 11g)................ <i>G. coruja</i></p>Published as part of <i>Lecci, Lucas Silveira & Froehlich, Claudio Gilberto, 2011, Taxonomic revision of Gripopteryx (Pictet, 1841) (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae), pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 2792</i> on page 17, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/276976">10.5281/zenodo.276976</a&gt

Gripopteryx clemira Lecci & Froehlich, 2011, n. sp.

<i>Gripopteryx clemira</i> n. sp. <p>(Fig. 9)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype, male, BRAZIL, <b>Bahia</b>, Camacan, Reserva Serra Bonita (15°23’02”S / 39°34’00”W, 806 m a.s.l.), 04.viii.2008, light trap, Calor, A.R., Lecci, L.S., Pinho, L.C. and Moretto, R.A. Paratypes. 1 female: same data as holotype; 1 male: same data as holotype except for: 05.xi.2009, light trap, Calor, A.R. <i>et al.</i></p> <p> <b>Diagnostic characters.</b> This new species differs from the congeners by males having a broad paraproct that is concave medially; the male epiproct is short, scythe–shaped, with sharp apex; female paraprocts have a triangular apex.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> General color brownish. Parietalia brown; brownish band along the border of the eyes; scape and pedicel of antennae brown, flagellum brownish. Epicranial line brownish (Fig 9 a). Pronotum brownish, margins and rugosities darker (Fig. 9 a). Meso– and metanotum brown, pleurae brownish. Legs: femora brownish; base of tibia with a brown band, the rest light brown, tarsus light brown. Forewing with a few spots, venation brown. A pterostigmatic crossvein present.</p> <p> <b>Male</b>. Abdominal segments sclerotized. Sternum 9 forms a short, elliptical subgenital plate (Fig. 9 d). Posterior portion of abdominal tergum 10 triangular, the apex rounded and curved ventrally (Fig. 9 b). Paraprocts broad and concave internally (Fig. 9 b and 9c); epiproct short, scythe–shaped, with pointed apex and a row of apical denticles (Fig. 9 e). Basis of cerci brown. Width of head, 1.6 mm; length of forewing, 12.8 mm; antennae and cerci damaged.</p> <p> <b>Female</b>. Abdominal segments sclerotized. Sternum 8 of abdomen with a broad subgenital plate and a deep median notch (Fig. 9 f). Paraprocts simple with triangular apex (Fig. 9 f). Sternum 9 fully sclerotized. Bases of cerci brown. Width of head, 1.9 mm; length of forewing 13.3 mm; antennae broken; number of cercomeres, 18.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Gripopteryx clemira</i> <b>n. sp.</b> is a medium–sized species. The male paraprocts of <i>G. clemira</i> are concave as in <i>G. p i n i m a</i>, but those of <i>G. c l e m i r a</i> are much broader; the subgenital plate is elliptical and rounded, while that of <i>G. pinima</i> have a small apical notch. The epiproct of <i>G. clemira</i> <b>n. sp.</b> is short, scythe–shaped.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species is named in honor of Clemira Ordonez Souza, founder of Uiraçu Institute, a non–governmental organization that preserves Reserva Serra Bonita. The name is a noun in apposition.</p>Published as part of <i>Lecci, Lucas Silveira & Froehlich, Claudio Gilberto, 2011, Taxonomic revision of Gripopteryx (Pictet, 1841) (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae), pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 2792</i> on pages 15-16, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/276976">10.5281/zenodo.276976</a&gt

Gripopteryx juetah Froehlich 1990

Gripopteryx juetah Froehlich, 1990 Gripopteryx juetah Froehlich, 1990, p. 242. Gripopteryx juetah — Froehlich, 2010, p 132. Material examined. Holotype male: BRAZIL, São Paulo, Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual: 15.x. 1985; Paratype: 1 female, 1 nymph, same data as holotype. Diagnostic characters. General color brown, fore wing length 13.6–17.9 mm in males and 18.6–20.5 mm in females; tergum 10 of male triangular, apex rounded, extending to the base of epiproct; paraprocts relatively broad with rounded apex; nymphs with 6 spines on pronotum, two pairs at the corners and a central pair, also with spines on abdominal terga 1–10, that of tergum 10 long and curved downward.Published as part of Lecci, Lucas Silveira & Froehlich, Claudio Gilberto, 2011, Taxonomic revision of Gripopteryx (Pictet, 1841) (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae), pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 2792 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27697

Gripopteryx garbei Navas 1936

Gripopteryx garbei Navás, 1936 Gripopteryx garbei Navás, 1936, p. 731 Gripopteryx garbei — Jewett, 1960, p. 170. Jewettoperla garbei — Illies, 1963, p. 185. Paragripopteryx garbei — Illies, 1966, p. 45. Paragripopteryx garbei — Froehlich, 1969, p. 19. Gripopteryx garbei — Froehlich, 1990, p. 240. Gripopteryx garbei — Froehlich, 1993, p. 22. Gripopteryx garbei — Froehlich, 2010, p 132. Material examined (new records). BRAZIL, Bahia, Camacan, Reserva Serra Bonita: 1 male, 1 female, 08– 09.v. 2007, light trap, Rafael, J.A. & Xavier Filho, F.F.; Camacan, Reserva Serra Bonita (15 ° 23 ’02”S / 39 ° 34 ’ 10 ”W, 806m a.s.l.): 1 male, 2 females, viii. 2009, Malaise trap, Calor, A.R., Lecci, L.S., Pinho, L.C., Moretto, R.A. Diagnostic characters. General color ocher, length of forewing 8.5–9.3 mm in males and 9.4–11.6 mm in females; tergum 10 of male extends broadly backwards, with the apex broadly rounded to almost straight; apex of male paraprocts hooked, curved backwards; male epiproct with minute teeth (Froehlich 1990); mature nymphs 5–7 mm long; short spines on abdominal terga 1 to 9. Remarks. This is the first record of the genus in northeastern Brazil. The species has a wide distribution with records from Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Bahia States.Published as part of Lecci, Lucas Silveira & Froehlich, Claudio Gilberto, 2011, Taxonomic revision of Gripopteryx (Pictet, 1841) (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae), pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 2792 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27697

Gripopteryx serrensis Froehlich 1993

Gripopteryx serrensis Froehlich, 1993 Gripopteryx serrensis Froehlich, 1993, p. 34. Gripopteryx serrensis — Froehlich, 2010, p 133. Material examined. Holotype male: BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul, Santo Antônio da Patrulha: + nymphal exuviae, nymph collected 30.ix. 1989, adult emerged 5.x. 1989. Paratype: 1 female + nymphal exuviae, same data as holotype but no emergence date. New Records: Adults. Santa Catarina, Urubici, Morro da Igreja (28 ° 07.380S / 49 ° 28.808 W, 1680m a.s.l.): 3 males + nymphal exuviae, 07.i. 2010, Mendes, H.F., Pinho, L.C. & Moretto, R.A. Diagnostic characters. General color homogeneous dark brown, forewing length 12.2 mm in male and 14.0 mm in female; posterodorsal extension of tergum 10 of males curved ventrad and anteriorly; sclerotized epiproct absent; paraproct bases against cerci broad, paraproct broader and dorsal surface concave medially, apices thin and curved, with basal notch; nymphal exuviae with small spines on abdominal terga 1–9 (Froehlich 1993).Published as part of Lecci, Lucas Silveira & Froehlich, Claudio Gilberto, 2011, Taxonomic revision of Gripopteryx (Pictet, 1841) (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae), pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 2792 on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27697