3 research outputs found
Functionalized, Long-Circulating, and Ultrasmall Gold Nanocarriers for Overcoming the Barriers of Low Nanoparticle Delivery Efficiency and Poor Tumor Penetration
The
development of sophisticated nanoplatforms for in vivo targeted
delivery of therapeutic agents to solid tumors has the potential for
not only improving therapeutic efficacy but also minimizing systemic
toxicity. However, the currently low delivery efficiency (about 1%
of the injected dose) and the limited tumor penetration of nanoparticles
remain two major challenges. Here we report a class of functionalized,
long-circulating, and ultrasmall gold nanocarriers (5 nm gold core
and 20 nm overall hydrodynamic diameter) for improved drug delivery
and deep tumor penetration. By using doxorubicin as a model drug,
our design also includes a pH-sensitive hydrazone linkage that is
stable at neutral or slightly basic pH but is rapidly cleaved in the
acidic tumor microenvironments and intracellular organelles. With
a circulation halftime of 1.6 days, the small particle size is an
important feature not only for efficient extravasation and accumulation
via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, but also
for faster nanoparticle diffusion and improved tumor penetration.
In xenograft animal models, the results demonstrate that up to 8%
of the injected nanoparticles can be accumulated at the tumor sites,
among the highest nanoparticle delivery efficiencies reported in the
literature. Also, histopathological and direct visual examinations
reveal dark-colored tumors with deep nanoparticle penetration and
distribution throughout the tumor mass. In comparison with pure doxorubicin
which is known to cause considerable heart, kidney, and lung toxicity,
in vivo animal data indicate that this class of functionalized and
ultrasmall gold nanoparticles indeed provides better therapeutic efficacies
with no apparent toxicity in vital organs
Method for Real-Time Tissue Quantification of Indocyanine Green Revealing Optimal Conditions for Near Infrared Fluorescence Guided Surgery
Near infrared fluorescence guided
surgery (NIRFGS) offers better
distinction between cancerous and normal tissues compared to surgeries
relying on a surgeon’s senses of sight and touch. Because of
the greater accuracy in determining tumor tissue margins, NIRFGS within
clinics continues to grow. However, NIRFGS lacks standardization of
the indocyanine green (ICG) dose and the preoperative period allowed
after ICG administration. In an aim to find optimal doses and preoperative
periods for NIRFGS standardization, we developed a method that quantitatively
determines ICG levels within tissues in real-time. We find that not
only do the dose and the preoperative periods influence tumor-to-background
ratios (TBRs), but both also heavily influence subject-to-subject
variances of these ratios. Optimal detection conditions are observed
when larger than typical ICG doses are administered and longer than
typical preoperative periods are allowed. Larger doses lead to increased
TBRs, but longer preoperative periods are necessary to reduce TBR
variances to those observed when using smaller doses. Our results
suggest that a clinical investigation into maximum tolerable ICG doses
and prolonging preoperative periods in NIRFGS is warranted