Effect of TVE on NO, IL-6, PGE2 and TNFα release in BV2 cells.

<p>BV2 cells were exposed to TVE for 12 hours at different concentrations (1-2.5-5-10%). LPS was added 12 hours after TVE pre-incubations. The release was evaluated 24 hours after LPS exposure. Data were expressed as percentage of target release with respect to untreated cells (100%). N = 6 for each experimental group. * p<0.05 <i>vs</i> control non-treated cells; ** p<0.05 <i>vs</i> LPS treated cells. Graphs represented the results for the following markers: <b>A)</b> NO; <b>B)</b> IL-6; <b>C)</b> PGE2 and <b>D)</b> TNFα. All concentrations were expressed as (pg/mL).</p

Down-regulation of nuclear expression of NF-kB p65 subunit LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells.

<p>BV2 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS as described before. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic localizations of p65 ware evaluated using anti-p65 polyclonal antibody and a FITC-labelled anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Green color, lines 2). DAPI was used in order to identify nuclei (Blue color, line 1). Images of cells were obtained by bright field light (BF, line 4) and UV light excitation lines 1,2 and 3). Nuclear translocation of p65 subunit is visible by detection of Aqua color (Merge, line 3). Cytoplasmic p65 expression was associated with different intensity of green color inside the cytoplasm. To visualize better the Aqua color co-localized into the nuclei, we overlapped the BF images upon merge of fluorescence (line 5). The bars reported different combinations of treatments in BV2 cells as follows: CTRL (LPS-/TVE10%-), LPS (LPS+/TVE10%), TV (LPS-/TV10%+) and LPS+TV (LPS+/TV10%+). The clear Aqua color was present only in LPS treated cells. No Aqua color significant differences were observed comparing CTRL <i>vs</i> TV and LPS+TV colums.</p