The Post-soviet Countries – Development and Structure of Economy: Is there any Potential for Future Regional Integration?

AbstractThis article analyses GDP over time in the post-Soviet republics over the 2000–2014 period. Its aim is to characterise the evolution of the economies of each country with respect to opportunities for mutual co-operation. Particular features of each country are identified in terms of GDP structure and creation. Over the period looked at, GDP rose very significantly. Russia and Kazakhstan can be included amongst the main driving forces behind this growth. The growth was affected by the transformation of the economies of the countries looked at, growth in prices of mineral resources and a major influx of foreign investments. Growth in the Russian Federation's GDP is also linked to a growth of transfers which should contribute to a higher standard of living, but which also contribute to increasing household consumption. Another growth factor is the impact of gross fixed investments. These two variables contributed most to GDP creation. In contrast, GDP elasticity in relation to the value of resources and the balance of external relations is negative for many of the countries looked at

Convergence behaviours of energy series and GDP nexus hypothesis: a non-parametric Bayesian application

With the EU Green Deal initiatives, European members seek to launch the first climate neutral continent by 2050. This paper assesses the stochastic convergence of per capita energy consumption series for an illustrative sample of 15 EU countries with memberships prior to the 2004 enlargement, using data spanning the 1970–2018 period. Results from the confidence interval subsampling (asymmetric and equal-tailed) highlight that 11 out of the 15 EU series exhibit a long-run memory behaviour, while a diverging pattern was observed for the UK, Germany, Portugal, and Italy. Finally, per capita energy use series persist but fail to reveal one of the above dynamics for Ireland and Spain. Also, findings from the nonparametric Bayesian application (ANOVA/linear Dependent Dirichlet Process (DDP) mixture model) show how economic growth operates as a converging energy consumption-enabler over the long-run, from which the EU membership cannot be excluded. In particular, we highlight how the nature of energy-GDP hypotheses vary with the stochastic properties of energy use (converging behaviour with temporary shocks, converging pattern with permanent shocks, and diverging dynamic). Finally, our conclusions overcome the well-established development stage argument as we claim that countries with similar energy convergence patterns may need to adopt similar energy policies

Analysis of the Mutual Trade Between the Eu and Indonesia

Mutual trade between EU countries and Indonesia is a bilateral commodity trade flow exceeding 17 billion Euros. Analysis of the trade between the two entities is an important contribution leading to the definition of the significance that the ongoing cooperation between the EU and Indonesia has. EU is for Indonesia very important trading partner, for EU is Indonesia a strategic political partner. The bilateral trade is currently greatly benefiting Indonesia, however, this market has a potential for EU due to the fact, that it is one of the most populous country in the Asian region and the in world in general. The trade exchange is based on export and import of most basic aggregate commodities; while between the two partners exist significant differences in terms of available comparative advantages. A specificity of the mutual trade is the limited territorial structure of this exchange, as the main volume of transactions is realized between Indonesia and only a few EU countries. Keywords: EU, Indonesia, mutual, foreign trade, commodity, territory, structure, analysis, competitivenes

Post-soviet economics in the context of international trade: opportunities and threats from mutual cooperation

Regional cooperation represents a viable alternative to the ongoing process of globalization, in which countries can optimally respond to the changes in the external environment through regional integration, while a larger market size tends to provide better sales opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to identify common determinants of the impact of economic and trade cooperation on the convergence of the economies of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). We attempt to define a conceptual framework for cooperation between post- Soviet countries with an emphasis on their diversity. In this article, we are using the extrapolation methods that involve the estimation of the parameters of approximating dependences with the ordinary least squares method (OLS) and its modifications as well as the exponential smoothing method. The main reason for conducting this study as well as the major value-added of this paper is in its focus on the regional cooperation of the post-Soviet countries with the assessment of its role on accelerating economic growth, while the main limitation of this study is its focus on predicting the values for one year only which is subjected to the lack of more recent data

Selected aspects and specifics of the economic development in sub-Saharan Africa

The paper examines the development of economies in the sub-Saharan region. It aims to identify particular development trends specific to the region. That means identifying changes which have occurred in the past five decades in following areas: development of the GDP value ​​and structure, growth in the value of foreign trade, demographic growth, and changes in the value of GDP per capita. The results of the analysis show very constrained economic power of sub-Saharan region. Not only weak economy of the region but also a significant population growth is a problem. Increasing production and trade does not contribute effectively to elimination of high level of poverty and malnutrition which remains a long-term problem of the sub-Saharan region. In real terms, the GDP per capita was growing by less than 1 % in the period 1961–2010. Sub-Saharan region is highly dependent on cooperation with other world regions in its effort to increase economic growth and to improve the economic situation of own population. The GDP growth is thus very sensitive to GDP development in Europe and North America. Concerning the foreign trade, development of sub-Saharan trade is dependent on regions of the Southern and Eastern Asia, and Europe

Změny v produkci cukrové řepy v Česku a Polsku po roce 2000

After the EU 2006 policy reform, EU sugar industry was undergoing fascinating development. The main aim of the contribution was to compare, how changes influenced sugar beet producers in the Czech Republic and Poland. In Poland, farmers were able to increase the average size of cultivated land while number of farmers decreased by 70%, yields and sugar content improved. In the Czech Republic, no significant improvement in average area per grower and sugar content was noticed, improvement was observed in the yield and total production. Most of the beet production is located close to sugar refineries, due to logistics constraints. Czech farms operate under higher costs and lower per hectare profit margin. Producer are operating under almost perfect competition, as Herfindahl-Hirschman index for producers is equal to 29.96 and 3.12 for the Czech Republic and Poland respectively. Distribution of sugar beet area among farmers, measured by the Gini coefficient, is qualified as very highly unequal. In both markets, differences in market powers exists. Dominance of Retail and Sugar producers over sugar-beet growers exists. Average price of beet has an increasing trend, although share of beet price on sugar price stagnated. After the end of the sugar quota system in 2017, growers will face pressure to further decrease the price of beet, as the price of sugar is expected to be down due to higher sugar supply. Improving production efficiency will be required.Po reformě Evropské politiky prošel cukrovarnický průmysl v EU fascinujícím vývojem. Hlavním cílem příspěvku bylo porovnat, jak změny ovlivňovaly producenty cukrové řepy v České republice a Polsku. V Polsku byli zemědělci schopni zvýšit vlastní průměrnou výměru pěstované řepy, zatímco počet pěstitelů klesl o 70%. Hektarové výnosy a obsah cukru se v Polsku kontinuálně zlepšují. V České republice nebylo zaznamenáno výrazné zlepšení v průměrné ploše na jednoho pěstitele a cukernatosti, bylo ovšem zaznamenáno zlepšení ve výnosu a celkové produkci. Většina výroby cukrové řepy se nachází v blízkosti cukrovaru s ohledem na logistická omezení. České farmy vykazují vyšší náklady a nižší ziskovou marži na hektar. Producenti pracují pod téměř dokonalou konkurencí, jelikož Herfindahl-Hirschman Index se rovná 29.96 pro Českou republiku a 3.12 pro Polsko. Rozložení plochy cukrové řepy mezi zemědělce, měřeno Giniho koeficientem, je kvalifikováno jako velmi nerovnoměrné. Na obou trzích existují rozdíly v tržních silách. Existuje dominance maloobchodníků a výrobců cukru nad pěstiteli cukrové řepy. Průměrná cena cukrové řepy má rostoucí trend, i když její podíl na ceně cukru má stagnující charakter. Po ukončení systému cukerných kvót v roce 2017 je očekáváno, že pěstitelé budou čelit tlaku na další snížení ceny cukrové řepy, protože se očekává pokles ceny cukru z důvodu vyšší nabídky na trhu. Je očekáváno, že producenti budou muset dále zlepšovat produkční charakteristiky