CSF NfH in ALS and controls.

<p>Box and dot plots show CSF NfH^SMI35 in ALS, Parkinson's disease (PD), and controls (CTRL). ALS fast  =  patients with rapid progression of disease over follow-up of 6 months, ALS slow  =  patients with slow progression of disease over follow-up. The box represents the 25^th to 75^th quartile, the whiskers represent the range, and the horizontal line in the box represents the median. Difference between the groups was significant (p<0.001, Kruskal-Wallis Analysis of Variance on Ranks), with post-hoc analysis (Dunn's method) showing patients with ALS to have significantly higher CSF concentrations as compared to patients with PD and controls (p<0.05 each).</p

CSF and Serum sAPPα, sAPPß, NfH^SMI35, and Progranulin (PRGN) in patients with ALS, Parkinson's disease (PD), and controls (CTRL).

‡<p>Comparison across all groups, Kruskal-Wallis Analysis of Variance on Ranks.</p><p>*Comparison of ALS fast vs. ALS slow, Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test.</p><p>Fast  =  ALS patients with fast progression of disease over follow-up, slow  =  ALS patients with slow progression of disease over follow-up, S  =  statistical significance.</p

Demographic data and basic CSF findings of patients included in this study.

<p>*across subgroups of ALS.</p><p>ALSFRS-R  =  revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale, CTRL  =  controls, fast  =  ALS patients with fast progression of disease over follow-up, MRCS  =  Medical Research Council Sumscore, <b>Δ</b>MRCS  =  change in MRC score/time<b>,</b> NS  =  not significant, PD  =  Parkinson's disease, Q_alb  =  albumin CSF/serum quotient, slow  =  ALS patients with slow progression of disease over follow-up, S  =  Significance in Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks.</p

CSF sAPPα/ß in relation to disease progression and NfH.

<p>Upper diagrams: Dot plot shows CSF sAPPα and sAPPß in patients with ALS plotted against duration of disease. Straight line represents regression line; correlation was significant (R = −0.39, p = 0.01 for sAPPα and R = −0.37, p = 0.01 for sAPPß). Lower diagrams: Dot plot shows CSF sAPPα and sAPPß in patients with ALS plotted against NfH^SMI35. Straight line represents regression line; correlation was significant (p = 0.001, R = −0.42 for sAPPα, and p = 0.007, R = −0.35 for sAPPß).</p

CSF sAPPα/ß in ALS and controls.

<p>Box and dot plots show (A) CSF sAPPα and (B) CSF sAPPß in ALS, Parkinson's disease (PD), and controls (CTRL) as well as (C) ratio CSF NfH^SMI35/CSF sAPPα and (D) ratio CSF NfH^SMI35/CSF sAPPß (right side). ALS fast  =  patients with rapid progression of disease over follow-up of 6 months, ALS slow  =  patients with slow progression of disease over follow-up. The box represents the 25^th to 75^th quartile, the whiskers represent the range, and the horizontal line in the box represents the median.</p

Relation of CXCL13 to cell count.

<p>Dot plot shows CSF CXCL13 in patients with CIS plotted against CSF leucocyte count. Straight line represents regression line; correlation was significant (p<0.001, R = 0.59).</p

Reiber diagram and antibody index.

<p>Left side: Reiber diagram visualizing intrathecal IgG synthesis using a double-logarithmic scaling to present the IgG CSF to serum quotient (QIgG) in relation to the albumin CSF to serum quotient (Qalb), and showing the hyperbolic function Qlim that indicates the upper reference range of QIgG. In the upper right corner of the diagram, the relative extent of intrathecal IgG synthesis is indicated. Right side: Formula for antibody index (AI) and Qlim.</p

Demographic data, CSF, serum and MRI findings in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and controls.

<p>Barkhof criteria = 3 of 4 criteria fulfilled, CIS all = all patients with CIS, CIS-CIS = patients with CIS that remained CIS over follow-up, CIS-RRMS = CIS patients with conversion to MS over follow-up, CTRL = controls, EDSS = Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale, MRZR = antibody indexes (AI) for measles, rubella, zoster, two or more AI≥1.5, OCB = oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid only, Qalb = albumin CSF/serum concentration ratio, QIgG = IgG CSF/serum concentration ratio, NS = not significant, S = statistical significance, * CIS-CIS vs. CIS-RRMS.</p><p>Relative frequencies (%) are given for discrete variables, median and range for continuous variables.</p

CXCL13 in patients with CIS.

<p>A) Boxplot shows CSF concentrations of CXCL13 in patients with CIS-CIS (patients with CIS that remained CIS over follow-up of two years), CIS-RRMS (CIS patients with conversion to MS over follow-up) and controls (CTRL). P-value refers to comparison of CIS-CIS, CIS-RRMS and controls. B) Boxplot shows CSF concentrations of CXCL13 in CIS patients with and without oligoclonal bands (OCB) in CSF. P-value refers to comparison of CIS patients with and without OCB. C) Boxplot shows CSF concentrations of CXCL13 in CIS patients with and without positive MRZR (“MRZ reaction”, intrathecal antibody production against measles, rubella and varicella zoster, with two antibody indices ≥1.5). P-value refers to comparison of CIS patients with and without MRZR. D) Boxplot shows CSF concentrations of CXCL13 in CIS patients with and without gadolinium-enhancing lesions in T1-weighted MRI. P-value refers to comparison of CIS patients with and without gadolinium-enhancing lesions. A)–D) The box represents the 25^th to 75^th quartile, the whiskers represent the range, and the horizontal line in the box represents the median. Black dots beyond the whiskers indicate outliers, d = number of patients with detectable CXCL13 concentrations in CSF.</p

Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV), and negative (NPV) predictive value in percent (exact 95% confidence interval in brackets) for CSF and MRI parameters regarding conversion of clinically isolated syndrome to definite multiple sclerosis.

<p>Barkhof = 3 of 4 Barkhof criteria fulfilled, MRZR = antibody indexes (AI) for measles, rubella, zoster, two or more AI≥1.5, OCB = oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid only.</p