Modernist Toilette: Degas, Woolf, Lawrence

<p>COPD animals were submitted to therapeutic protocols as described in materials and methods. Further, all animals were euthanized, lungs were obtained and sections were stained by PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) as described in methods. In A) representative graphs and B) photomicrographs of PAS stained sections. Data representative of two experiments. n = 5–8 animals per group. One-way ANOVA.</p

Treatment with LLLT reduces leukocytes infiltration and mast cell degranulation in the lung tissue after FA exposure.

<p>The airway inflammation induced by FA inhalation caused an intense cellular infiltration in the perivascular and peribrochiolar and mast cell activation in the lung parenchyma and pleura (arrows) (Panels C and D), whereas in the basal group, only resident leukocytes were observed and the mast cells were intact (arrowhead) (Panels A and B). Although, after the LLLT treatment, both cellular infiltration and mast cell activation were significantly reduced (Panels E and F).</p

Treatment with LLLT reduces TNF-alpha and IL-6 while increases IL-10 levels in the BAL fluid after FA exposure.

<p>Group of rats was exposed or not to FA inhalation (1%, 90 min/day, 3 days) and treated or not with LLLT (30mW, 1.8 J, 60s/point, total 540s, 1 and 5h post each FA inhalation). Non-manipulated rats were used to obtain basal parameters. The evaluation of inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha (A) and IL-6 (B) as well as anti-inflammatory IL-10 (C) in the supernatant of BAL fluid were determined 24 h after the last FA exposure. Data are mean ± SD of 6 animals per group. *P<0.05 in relation to B group; ^θP<0.05 in relation to FA group.</p

Treatment with LLLT reduces neutrophilic lung inflammation after FA exposure.

<p>Group of rats was exposed or not to FA inhalation (1%, 90 min/day, 3 days) and treated or not with LLLT (30mW, 1.8 J, 60s/point, total 540s, 1 and 5h post each FA inhalation). Non-manipulated rats were used to obtain basal parameters. The number of cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (panel A) and myeloperoxidase activity in the lung tissue (MPO) (Panel B) were determined 24 h after the last FA inhalation. Data mean ± SD of 6 animals per group. *P<0.05 in relation to B group; ^θP<0.05 in relation to FA group.</p

Effect of treatment with LLLT on leukocytes infiltration and mast cell activation after FA exposure.

<p>Group of rats was exposed or not to FA inhalation (1%, 90 min/day, 3 days) and treated or not with LLLT (3J/cm², 30mW, 60s/point, total 540s, 1 and 5h post each FA inhalation). After 24 h the lungs were removed and the morphological analyses were performed. Data of score: 0 absence; 1 weak presence; 2 Average presence; 3 intense presence; and 4 very intense presence. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.</p><p>*P< 0.05 in relation to basal group</p><p>#P < 0.05 in relation FA group</p><p>Effect of treatment with LLLT on leukocytes infiltration and mast cell activation after FA exposure.</p

Treatment with LLLT reduces lung vascular permeability after FA exposure.

<p>Group of rats was exposed or not to FA inhalation (1%, 90 min/day, 3 days) and treated or not with LLLT (30mW, 1.8 J, 60s/point, total 540s, 1 and 5h post each FA inhalation). Non-manipulated rats were used to obtain basal parameters. The lung vascular permeability in the parenchyma (A), trachea (B) and intrapulmonary bronchi (C) was assessed immediately after the last FA inhalation. Data are mean ± SD of 6 animals per group. *P<0.05 in relation to B group; ^θP<0.05 in relation to FA group.</p

Treatment with LLLT reduces cell recruitment in the blood (A) but did not alter the number of cells in the bone marrow after FA exposure.

<p>Group of rats was exposed or not to FA inhalation (1%, 90 min/day, 3 days) and treated or not with LLLT (30mW, 1,8 J, 60s/point, total 540s, 1 and 5h post each FA inhalation). Non-manipulated rats were used to obtain basal parameters. The number of cells in the blood (panel A) and in the bone marrow (Panel B) was determined 24 h after the last FA inhalation. Data mean ± SD of 6 animals per group. *P<0.05 in relation to B group; ^θP<0.05 in relation to FA group.</p

Treatment with LLLT increases IL-10 gene expression and did not alter IL-6 gene expression in the lung tissue after FA exposure.

<p>Group of rats was exposed or not to FA inhalation (1%, 90 min/day, 3 days) and treated or not with LLLT (30mW, 1.8 J, 60s/point, total 540s, 1 and 5h post each FA inhalation). Non-manipulated rats were used to obtain basal parameters. The evaluation of gene expression of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 (A) and anti-inflammatory IL-10 (B) in the lung were determined 24 h after the last FA exposure. Data are mean ± SD of 6 animals per group. *P<0.05 in relation to B group; ^θP<0.05 in relation to FA group (Panel B).</p

Reduction of T CD4⁺ and T CD8⁺ T cells infiltration in the lungs of htMSC and/or LLLT treated animals.

<p>COPD animals were submitted to therapeutic protocols as described in materials and methods. Further, all animals were euthanized and BAL obtained for flow cytometric analysis of the frequency of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. In (A and B), dot plots depict the gates used. In (C and D), graphs of the percentage of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, respectively. In (E and F),graphs of the absolute numbers of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, respectively. Data representative of two independent experiments. n = 5–8 animals per group. One-way ANOVA.</p

Reduced total NF-B staining in the lungs of htMSC i.n and/or LLLT treated animals.

<p>COPD animals were submitted to therapeutic protocols as described in materials and methods. Further, all animals were euthanized, lungs obtained and sections were stained with anti-NF-B In A) representative graphs and B) photomicrographs of immunohistochemistry stained sections. Data representative of two experiments. n = 5–8 animals per group. One-way ANOVA.</p