Influence of intra-pocket anesthesia gel on treatment outcome in periodontal patients: a randomized controlled trial

Aim Compare the treatment outcome after scaling and root-planing using local anesthesia gel or injected local anesthesia. Material and method Thirty-eight patients with periodontitis and good general health were included in a randomized, single-blind, split-mouth clinical trial. Probing depths and clinical attachment levels were recorded at baseline and 6weeks after treatment. Performed treatment procedures were scaling and root planing using two types of local anesthesia for separate treatment appointments. Anesthetics used were intra-pocket lidocaine and prilocaine gel (2.5% each) and injected articaine (1:100,000 adrenaline). Type of anesthesia for first appointment was randomized and switched for second appointment. Patients ' pain perception and anesthesia acceptance were recorded on questionnaires. Results No influence of applied type of anesthesia could be detected for change of probing pocket depths and clinical attachment level (p>0.05). These findings are valid even for deeper pockets. Gel-group had significant higher intra-operative pain perception. In retrospect 69% of patients favored gel. Conclusion Treatment outcome is not compromised by use of anesthesia gel in comparison to injected anesthesia. The same beneficial results for probing pocket depths and clinical attachment gain could be detected. The majority of patients prefer local anesthesia gel despite a slightly greater procedural discomfort

Hidrófitas fanerogâmicas de ecossistemas aquáticos temporários da planície costeira do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Phanerogamic hydrophytes from the temporary swampy environments of coastal plains of northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Foi realizado o levantamento florístico das hidrófitas fanerogâmicas de ambientes aquáticos temporários da planície costeira do norte fluminense. O material botânico foi coletado em 27 expedições entre setembro/1998 a julho/2001, herborizado e identificado segundo a metodologia tradicional. As exsicatas foram depositadas no Herbário da Universidade do Rio de Janeiro (HUNI). Foram encontrados 113 táxons, distribuídos em 40 famílias. Os ambientes estudados podem ser caracterizados floristicamente pela família Cyperaceae, representada por 23 táxons (cerca de 20%); seguida pelas famílias Fabaceae e Onagraceae (sete táxons), Poaceae (seis táxons), Asteraceae e Scrophulariaceae (cinco táxons) e Apiaceae, Lentibulariaceae e Polygonaceae (quatro táxons). Estes ambientes sofrem alterações fitofisionômicas marcantes relacionadas com a hidrogeologia. Algumas espécies são anuais, desaparecendo completamente na estiagem; outras suportam a seca, mas têm a população profundamente reduzida, alterando substancialmente a paisagem. Algumas espécies consideradas exclusivamente aquáticas foram encontradas em solo úmido, inclusive em floração. Isto demonstra a necessidade da inclusão de espécies anfíbias nos estudos da flora aquática pois, algumas vezes, a delimitação dos tipos biológicos não é muito definida, além de caracterizar de forma mais adequada estes ambientes.<br>A floristic inventory of phanerogamic hydrophytes from the temporary swampy environments of coastal plains of northern of Rio de Janeiro State was made. The botanical vouchers were collected in 27 expeditions between September/1998 and July/2001. They were herborized and identified by the traditional methodology. The exsicatae were deposited in the UNIRIO herbarium (HUNI). One hundred and thirteen taxa, distributed among 40 families were found. The environment analyzed could be floristically characterized by the Cyperaceae, represented by 23 taxa (ca. 20%), followed by Fabaceae and Onagraceae (seven taxa), Poaceae (six taxa), Asteraceae and Scrophulariaceae (five taxa) and Apiaceae, Lentibulariaceae and Polygonaceae (four taxa). These environments have great phytophysionomic changes according to hydrogeology. Some species are annual, disappearing completely in the dry season; another species tolerates the dryness but the population reduce drastically, changing substantially the landscape. Some species regarded as strictly aquatic were found in humid soil, producing flowers. This shows the necessity to include amphibious species on the aquatic flora studies because sometimes the boundaries between the biological types were not well defined