Enlightened or Delusional?: Differentiating Religious, Spiritual, and Transpersonal Experiences from Psychopathology

Psychological diagnosis faces unique challenges when used to differentiate nonpsychopathological religious/spiritual/transpersonal (R/S/T) experiences from those that might evidence psychopathology, particularly considering the diversity of such experiences and the value-laden assumptions inherent in most diagnostic practices. Theoretical and pragmatic problems related to the diagnostic category, Religious and Spiritual Problem, as contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders are discussed. Attention is paid to identifying potential biases and errors in using, or failing to use, this diagnostic category, particularly as related to developing culturally sensitive diagnoses. Specific methods, including psychometric approaches, for evaluating R/S/T experiences that may range from healthy to psychopathological are reviewed and recommendations are presented for improving current diagnostic practices and furthering needed research.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Efeito das condições de preparação na condutividade elétrica de blendas de poli(fluoreto de vinilideno) e poli(o-metoxianilina) Effect of preparation conditions on the electrical conductivity of blends of poly (vinylidene fluoride) and poly(o-methoxyaniline)

Neste trabalho estudou-se o efeito das condições de preparação na condutividade elétrica de blendas condutoras de poli(fluoreto de vinilideno) (PVDF) com poli(o-metoxianilina) (POMA). A condutividade elétrica e a qualidade dos filmes produzidos dependem significativamente do solvente, dopante e das condições de preparação das blendas. Filmes flexíveis e auto-sustentáveis da blenda PVDF/POMA dopada com o ácido p-tolueno sulfônico (TSA) foram obtidos em condições otimizadas. Estes apresentam condutividade elétrica em uma larga faixa (10-12 - 10-2 S/cm), onde para baixos teores de POMA-TSA (<2,0% em massa) já se atinge alto valor de condutividade (10-7 S/cm), não sendo definida uma composição mínima para percolação.<br>In this work, the effect of preparation conditions on the properties of conductive blends of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA) was studied. The quality and conductivity of the films produced depend significantly on the solvent, dopant and preparation conditions of the blends. Flexible, free-standing films of PVDF/POMA blends doped with p-toluene sulfonic acid (TSA) were obtained in optimized conditions. These blends can exhibit electrical conductivity in a wide range (10-12 - 10-2 S/cm). Furthermore, relatively high conductivity values (10-7 S/cm) are reached starting from low contents of POMA-TSA (<2,0% weight) without definition of a percolation threshold