Recovering history: Philip Morton Shand and the mission of modernism

Within the context of Modern architectural history the position of Philip Morton Shand (1888 - 1960) as a key figure in its dissemination has been historically understated. Although not a designer, his role as architectural critic and writer in conjunction with the breadth of his international contacts enabled him to bridge a gap between continental Europe and England. His contributions to the major English architectural journals (i.e. Architect's Journal, Architectural Review and the Architectural Association Journal) between the late 1920s and early 1950s, in addition to his travels, language skills and his involvement in the CIAM and the MARS Group, facilitated the dissemination of ideas to the English-speaking population. Beyond his architectural writings, Shand was also a connoisseur of wine and food and published seminal texts on the topics. However, despite his significant literary contributions, a biography of Shand has not yet been written. An investigation into Shand's life and activities, particularly during the interwar years, will hopefully illuminate the magnitude of his involvement in the architectural scene and its effects on the dissemination of Modern architectural history

Betweenness centrality of left (L) and right (R) hemisphere ROIs in pairwise correlation (red) and partial correlation (blue) networks with 68 ROIs, averaged over participants.

<p>Betweenness centrality of left (L) and right (R) hemisphere ROIs in pairwise correlation (red) and partial correlation (blue) networks with 68 ROIs, averaged over participants.</p

Overview of TPR and of 1 − <i>f</i>(FPR) for shrinkage (blue), ridge (orange), and lasso (green) estimated partial correlations, and for pairwise correlations (red), averaged over all three selection criteria (i.e., correct number of edges, 20% less edges, and 20% more edges).

<p><i>f</i>(FPR) = exp(−10²*FPR); <i>n</i> = Number of observations.</p

The true positive rate for the four networks and estimation methods.

<p>The true positive rate for the four networks and estimation methods.</p

The mean betweenness centrality of the four networks and estimation methods.

<p>The mean betweenness centrality of the four networks and estimation methods.</p

Results of simulations.

<p>Results of simulations.</p

Small-world-ness indices (SWI).

<p>Density distributions of the SWI's of 10000 random networks (in black), and of 10000 permutation model networks (in blue). The vertical red line marks the observed SWI of the giant component. Dotted vertical lines indicate the respective mean SWI.</p

Densities of simulation results of original vs random parameter values.

<p>Top to bottom: Prevalence of MDE, Prevalence of GAD, Odds ratio, Cronbach' alpha. Densities of networks resulting from original (random) parameter values are shown in blue (red).</p

Exemplary network with path from node 1 to 5, showing partial covariances <i>γ</i>_<i>ij</i>.

<p>Exemplary network with path from node 1 to 5, showing partial covariances <i>γ</i>_<i>ij</i>.</p

The small-worldness index for the four networks and the four estimation methods pairwise correlations (red), lasso (green), ridge (orange), and shrinkage (blue), compared to the true value −− (black).

<p>The thickness of the line represents the number of selected edges. Pairwise correlation networks always overestimate the small-worldness.</p