Insulin effect on gene expression in vitro.

<p>Relative gene expression (fold induction [+] and fold inhibition [−]) in Huh7.5 cells grown in the presence of insulin (10 nM) and JFH-1 particles (one particle per cell). Experiments were performed in triplicate. Control experiment (non-infected cells and no insulin added) was used as a reference (fold induction = 1). (*) = p<0.05.</p

Interferon effect on insulin pathway gene expression.

<p>Huh7.5 cultures were treated with 500 IU/ml and infected with JFH-1 particles. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Control experiment (non-infected cells and no insulin added) was used as a reference (fold induction = 1). (*) = p<0.05.</p

PTP1B is highly induced in the presence of metformin and HCV.

<p>Gene expression (fold induction) of insulin pathway-related genes in Huh7.5 cells treated with metformin (2 mM) was analyzed. Experiments were performed in triplicate. (*) = p<0.05.</p

Insulin pathway proteins are down-regulated by JFH1.

<p><b>A</b>: Western blot from Huh7.5 cells in the presence or absence of insulin (20 nM) and infected or not with JFH-1 particles. 40 µgrams of total protein were loaded per lane. A representative gel is shown for each protein. All experiments were performed in triplicate. β-Actin was used as a loading control. <b>B</b>: IRS1 and PTP1B abundance at 24 and 48 hours post-infection. Huh7.5 cells were infected with JFH1 particles and incubated at the indicated time. Performance of western-blot was as indicated for panel <b>A</b>.</p

Metformin (2 mM) inhibits viral replication in vitro.

<p>Huh7.5 cells treated with interferon (500 IU/ml) were used as a positive control for inhibition of viral replication (100%). Cells were infected with JFH1 and treated with metformin for 48 hours and 7 days. Metformin significantly inhibited viral replication (p<0.05).</p

Scanning Electron Microscope images of epibiotic diatoms found on flatback, green, hawksbill, and Kemp’s ridley sea turtles.

<p>Flatback turtle: A = <i>Achnanthes</i> sp., B & C = <i>Poulinea</i> sp. 1; Green turtle: D = <i>Cocconeis</i> sp., E = <i>Amphora</i> sp. 1, F = Broken pieces of <i>Amphora</i> sp. and <i>Navicula</i> sp., G = broken pieces of <i>Amphora</i> sp.; Hawksbill turtle: H = <i>Amphora</i> sp. 2, I = <i>Amphora</i> sp. 3, J & K = <i>Poulinea</i> sp. 2; Kemp’s ridley turtle: L = <i>Melosira sol</i>, M = <i>Poulinea</i> sp. 1, N = (i) <i>Achnanthes</i> sp. & (ii) <i>Poulinea</i> sp. 1, O = <i>Poulinea</i> sp. 1. All scale bars are 10 μm.</p

Collection and storage details of sea turtle carapace and skin samples.

<p>Collection and storage details of sea turtle carapace and skin samples.</p

Diatom taxa found on the seven different sea turtle species.

<p>Diatom taxa found on the seven different sea turtle species.</p

Scanning Electron Microscope images of epibiotic diatoms found on leatherback, loggerhead, and olive ridley sea turtles.

<p>Leatherback turtle: A = <i>Navicula</i> sp., B, C, and D = <i>Tursiocola</i> sp.; Loggerhead turtle: E: <i>Amphora</i> sp. 4, F = <i>Amphora</i> sp. 5, G = <i>Amphora</i> sp. 6, H = <i>Amphora</i> sp. 7, I = <i>Diploneis</i> sp. and other adnate unknown diatom; Olive ridley turtle: J = Nitzschia sp., K = broken pieces of <i>Achnanthes</i> sp (upper left) and possibly other diatom species (arrow), L = <i>Achnanthes</i> sp., M = <i>Poulinea</i> sp. 3, N = <i>Amphora</i> sp. 5, O = <i>Achnanthes</i> sp. All scale bars are 10 μm.</p

Scanning Electron Microscope images of other epibiotic organisms found on loggerhead turtles (A and B).

<p>C and D are epibionts found on the formanifera in image B. Scale bars are 10, 500, 1, and 10 μm in images A, B, C, and D respectively.</p