Determining the Discount Rate for Government Projects

Discount rates are widely used in the public sector to assess policy proposals where costs and benefits accrue over long time periods. Socially optimal policy choices require an appropriate choice of discount rate. This paper assesses the applicability of the two key theoretical approaches to selecting discount rates in the public sector. The two key theoretical approaches considered are the social rate of time preference and the social opportunity cost. Estimation issues in determining the rate using these two approaches are reviewed. The social rate of time preference is considered to be the appropriate approach. When estimates of the social rate of time preference are unavailable or clearly unreliable and the Government is considering financing a project, the social opportunity cost should be used. The social opportunity cost can be used as a proxy for the social rate of time preference. The paper presents an example using the capital asset pricing model in a weighted average cost of capital formula to determine a social opportunity cost.Discount rate; Social opportunity cost; Social rate of time preference

Five Steps to Wardrobe Versatility

Clothes are an essential necessity for all of us. The first thing we do in the morning for school, work, and other activities is get dressed. Getting dressed may be a major frustration if the clothes in our closet don\u27t take care of our lifestyle needs. Mornings can easily begin in turmoil when we can\u27t find the right thing to wear. Our clothing decisions are dependent on our own lifestyle, personality, values, coloring, and body proportions. It is difficult for another person to determine what our individual clothing needs are. To achieve a versatile wardrobe that is suited to individual needs, the following five steps are safe guidelines for successful wardrobe management

Clothing Management: Knit Know How

Knit fabrics have become popular because they arc comfortable, versatile, shed wrinkles, and travel well. Knits, on the whole, arc easy to sew, especially for beginners. Knits can be found in abundance all year long depending on current fashion trends, ranging from stable double suit weight knit to soft supple jerseys. Bulky knits are available for sweaters and jackets, soft fleece and spandex are great for sports and activewear while jerseys and tricot are the choice for lingerie and up-to-date fashions for every scene. The mix and matchable knits have so many faces you could create an entire wardrobe using knits alone

Clothing Management: Serger Sense

The serger machine, also known as an overlock, has revolutionized home sewing. They are fast, convenient, andd produce a professional seam. A serger will sew up to 1700 stitches per minute wheras the conventional sewing machine sews form 700 to 1100 stitches per minute. They can stitch, trim and overcast all at the same time. Another plus for sergers is the way they handle all fabrics from difficult to control silks and sheers to easy to handle knits

Social Networks of Researchers in Business To Business Marketing: A Case Study of the IMP Group 1984-1999

Science is a social process that functions through social networks of researchers that form invisible colleges. Analysis of these social networks provides a means for examining the structure of relations among researchers. The Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) group, "an informal international group of scholars concerned with developing concepts and knowledge in the field of business-to-business marketing and purchasing," is used as a case study of a network of researchers because it has been responsible for considerable research over the last decades in the area of business-to-business marketing, yet its structure remains hidden because of its informal network characteristics. The results of a social network analysis of the IMP group is described based on the pattern of co-authorship at annual IMP conferences. The results reveal a power law distribution of paper co-authorship and a small world network that conforms to the results of studies of other types of social networks. A core network of 57 researchers is identified and its network properties are described, including how it has evolved over time. The study provides the basis for further studies of the social networks of marketing and business researchers.informal networks, business-to-business marketing