Young Muslims and Exclusion - experiences of 'othering'

Research we completed in 2016 with 19 Muslim university students in London and Birmingham suggests they often feel exclusion most strongly after such events. The exclusionary experiences our participants faced took place on public transport, in the streets, at work, and at school and university. They included a combination of both subtle and direct experiences of exclusion; for example, from a London participant noticing that no-one would sit next to her on the tube to a Birmingham participant having a woman refuse to move her bag so she could sit down on the bus and directly accusing her of causing terrorism – both following the 2015 Paris attacks. The significance of ‘dressing Muslim’, particularly through wearing the hijab, emerged in the narratives of the young women we spoke to, with them often reporting to be perceived in ways that other them such as ‘foreigner’, ‘problematic’ and even as ‘extremist’. Other scholars have suggested that Muslim young people and communities struggle with these ‘othering’ discourses which are communicated through media and policy as well as experienced in their everyday lives (see Ahmed, 2015; Jeldtoft, 2012; Khan, 2013). Khan (2013) refers to this process as ‘theyification’ which he argues is consolidated by policy, practice and even research. The examples from our research are explored in two articles we have submitted to other journals: ‘“I just love the Queen” Positioning in Young Muslim Discourse’ (Pihlaja and Thompson, forthcoming in Discourse, Context and Media) and ‘Temporary liberties and uncertain futures: perceptions of young Muslim women on life in Britain’ (Thompson and Pihlaja, under review). Here, we explore an example that has not been included in these other articles. In the extract explored in detail below, Habiba (a pseudonym), an African Muslim of Somali heritage, explains her shock at being labelled a racist by another Black woman, and her feelings at being ‘othered’ by her because of her clothing

Additional file 3: of Increased CD4+ T cell lineage commitment determined by CpG methylation correlates with better prognosis in urinary bladder cancer patients

Figure S1. Analysis of Cisplatin effect on healthy donors CD4+ T cells in vitro. CD4+ T cells were isolated from blood of healthy donors (n = 4) and cultured in vitro in the presence of neoadjuvant chemotherapy drug, Cisplatin. Stimulation at day 0 is indicated on x-axis. Sim = αCD3 and αCD28. Cisp 25 μM cisplatin. At day 6, all cultures were treated with αCD3 and αCD28, and cisplatin cultures (grey bars) received 25 μM cisplatin. The cells were harvested at day 12 for analysis. a Whole genome methylation was measured by 5mC ELISA. Corresponding cultures without cisplatin was used for normalization. Friedman test was used for statistical analysis. b Methylation of IFNG locus was measured. Unstimulated cells from Day 0 was used as normalization. (TIF 840 kb