Plasma c-miRNA abundance at baseline (pre-intervention) and the relative fold change in abundance after a 16 wk diet and exercise intervention in low and high responders for weight loss.

<p>Plasma c-miRNA abundance at baseline (pre-intervention) and the relative fold change in abundance after a 16 wk diet and exercise intervention in low and high responders for weight loss.</p

Selected target mRNAs of microRNAs showing altered expression patterns (P<0.05) between high and low responders pre and post energy-restricted diet and exercise intervention.

<p>Target mRNAs have been previously implicated in substrate (fat) metabolism, obesity, diabetes and exercise adaptation responses.</p

Flowchart of participants throughout the 16 wk diet and exercise intervention and in the subsequent analysis of high (HiRes) and low (LoRes) responders to the intervention.

<p>HDPHC, high dairy protein moderate fat; HDPMC, high dairy protein moderate fat; CON, control. Compliance was to the diet and/or the exercise training.</p

Plasma c-miR abundance prior to and after a 16 week diet and exercise weight loss intervention for high responders (HiRes, <i>n</i> = 22) and low responders (LoRes, <i>n</i> = 18) A: c-miR-140, B: c-miR-221; C: c-miR-223, and D: c-miR-935; data are mean ± SD; P<0.05: ‡ difference pre vs post, * difference HiRes vs LoRes.

<p>Plasma c-miR abundance prior to and after a 16 week diet and exercise weight loss intervention for high responders (HiRes, <i>n</i> = 22) and low responders (LoRes, <i>n</i> = 18) A: c-miR-140, B: c-miR-221; C: c-miR-223, and D: c-miR-935; data are mean ± SD; P<0.05: ‡ difference pre vs post, * difference HiRes vs LoRes.</p

Participant characteristics measured pre and post intervention of High (HiRes) and low (LoRes) responders to the 16 week diet and exercise intervention.

<p>Participant characteristics measured pre and post intervention of High (HiRes) and low (LoRes) responders to the 16 week diet and exercise intervention.</p

Blood alcohol levels after alcohol intake during recovery following a single bout of concurrent training.

<p>Data were analysed using a 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis. Values are mean ± SD. Significant effect of treatment (P = 0.02), time (P<0.01) with no interaction (P = 0.20). Significantly different (P<0.05) vs. (a) rest, and (*) between treatments (ALC-CHO vs. ALC-PRO).</p

Blood glucose concentrations before and duringrecovery following a single bout of concurrent training.

<p>Drink  =  25 g of whey protein (PRO and ALC-PRO) or 25 g maltodextrin (ALC-CHO); Meal  =  1.5 g·kg⁻¹ BM. Data were analysed using a 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis. Values are mean ± SD. Significant effect of treatment, time and interaction (all P<0.01). Significantly different (P<0.05) (d) from 1 h within treatment, (j) from 5 h within treatment, ($) between treatments (ALC-CHO vs. ALC-PRO, PRO). (†) between treatments (ALC-CHO vs. PRO), (‡) between treatments (ALC-CHO vs. ALC-PRO).</p

Plasma EAA (A), BCAA (B), leucine (C) concentration following a single bout of concurrent training.

<p>EAA – essential amino acids; BCAA – branched-chain amino acids. Data were analysed using a 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis. Values are mean ± SD. Significant effect of treatment, time and interaction (all P<0.01) for (A), (B), and (C). Significantly different (P<0.05) vs. (#) all timepoints for ALC-CHO and ALC-PRO treatments, (*) vs. rest within treatments, and ($) compared to ALC-CHO.</p

MuRF-1 (A), Atrogin-1 (B) mRNA abundance at rest and following a single bout of concurrent training.

<p>Values are expressed relative to GAPDH and presented in arbitrary units (mean ± SD, n = 7). Data were analysed using a 2-way repeated measures ANOVA with Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis. Significantly different (P<0.05) vs. (a) rest, (c,e,g) 8 h within treatments, and (b,d,f) 2 h within treatments.</p

Schematic representation of the experimental trial.

<p>Subjects reported to the laboratory after an overnight fast where a constant infusion of L-[ring-¹³C₆] phenylalanine was commenced (3 h in first trial; 1 h in trial 2/3), and subjects completed the concurrent exercise (8×5 repetitions at 80% one repetition maximum (1RM), 5 min rest, 30 min cycling at ∼63% peak power output (PPO), 2 min rest, 10×30 s high intensity intervals at ∼110% PPO). Immediately after exercise completion, and 4 h later, subjects consumed 500-mL of protein (25 g whey) or carbohydrate (25 g maltodextrin).</p