La création littéraire comme vocation chrétienne : un projet de recherche-création

Ce projet en théologie pratique vise à explorer la création littéraire comme vocation chrétienne. Si nous sommes appelés à suivre le Christ, comment répondre à la tentation parfois impérieuse de l’écriture ? Est-ce qu’il s’agit d’une seule vocation ou est-ce que les « appels » à la vocation chrétienne et à la création littéraire ont plutôt des sources différentes ? Autrement dit, est-ce que les appels à mettre noir sur blanc ses pensées viennent aussi de Dieu et est-ce Dieu qui est source de l’inspiration littéraire ? J’ai développé ces questionnements parce que, dans mon expérience, les deux « appels » sont souvent en concurrence et je voulais me donner les moyens pour les discerner, sinon les réconcilier. J’ai donc observé ma propre démarche littéraire pour faire ressortir les dissonances, résonances et chevauchements entre ma pratique comme écrivaine et ma vocation chrétienne, et ainsi développer une théologie pratique de la vocation littéraire. Pour ce faire, j’ai créé « la méthodologie jazz », une méthodologie heuristique qui vise une observation distanciée de mes habitudes créatrices. Au cours de mes quatre années d’études doctorales, j’ai écrit une pièce de théâtre, des nouvelles et un livre, entre autres textes. Pendant la rédaction de chaque texte, j’ai tenu un journal de bord pour noter des remarques sur ma méthode. Après avoir assemblé un corpus représentatif, et inspirée par l’œuvre de Gérard Genette sur la fonction des paratextes, j’ai de nouveau observé ma pratique, rétroactivement, avec des notes de bas de page dans une autre langue. À partir d’une synthèse des annotations recueillies, j’ai réalisé une réflexion théologique avec l’aide d’une grille d’analyse basée sur les écrits du théologien Christoph Theobald portant sur des éléments de la vocation chrétienne. Premièrement, j’ai découvert que ma foi influence ma pratique littéraire. Par exemple, les appels à écrire viennent de l’extérieur comme de l’intérieur. Prendre une décision, à savoir comment répondre à ces appels, ou même seulement si l’on doit y répondre, exige un discernement qui s’adresse à mes valeurs chrétiennes. Deuxièmement, Theobald souligne le rôle capital joué par les malentendus, les « passeurs » et l’exil (par exemple, dans le récit de Samuel, pour qui Élie est le passeur). Ces éléments, comme je le démontre, sont également significatifs dans le processus d’écriture. Troisièmement, tout comme la vocation religieuse, la vocation littéraire est un appel à comprendre et à développer notre singularité profonde, tout comme elle peut facilement devenir un service rendu à soi-même plutôt qu’à autrui. En outre, j’ai observé que la nouveauté recherchée dans la création littéraire ne résonne pas nécessairement avec la nouveauté de la Bonne Nouvelle. Finalement, il y a dans une pièce bien réalisée un genre de vérité qui ressemble aux vérités ineffables de la foi. Ces résonances et ces dissonances aident à élaborer une théologie pratique de la vocation littéraire, où la clé du discernement au cours de la pratique quotidienne repose dans notre propre vérité ou dans la concordance avec soi, que nous ne retrouvons que dans la « sainteté hospitalière » du Christ. Par la contagion de l’authenticité, les espaces littéraires peuvent être autant hospitaliers que les espaces physiques ou sociaux. Si nous sommes vrais, comme Jésus, nous pouvons nous retirer des lieux publics, des moments passés en collectivité, pour répondre aux appels à la création littéraire sans être retenus par nos reproches à nous-mêmes, ou par les reproches (imaginées ou autres) de la communauté chrétienne. L’authenticité de Jésus l’a mené nécessairement loin de l’approbation générale de sa communauté, et par la contagion de cette authenticité, nous pouvons aussi donner un espace d’hospitalité aux autres de suivre leurs propres vocations.This study in practical theology is an exploration of literary creation as a Christian vocation. If we are called to follow Christ, how should we respond to the imperious call to literary creation? Is the call to Christ and the call to create a single vocation, or do these “calls” come from different sources? Does the call to write also come from God, and is God the source of literary inspiration? I undertook this project because in my experience the two calls often compete, and I wanted to find a way to discern between them, if not reconcile them. I therefore observed my own literary practice to determine the dissonances, resonances and overlaps between my practice as a writer and my Christian vocation with the goal of creating, if possible, a practical theology of literary vocation. To do so I developed the « Jazz Method », a heuristic methodology for observing my practice from a distance. Over the four years of my doctoral studies, I had written numerous works of various kinds, including a play, some short stories, and a book. While I was writing these, I kept a journal. Having assembled some of the works into a representative collection, and inspired by Gérard Genette’s work on the function of paratexts, I observed my practice again, this time retroactively, by footnoting the collection, in another language. Then, based on a synthesis of all my observations, I undertook a theological reflection on my practice using the ideas of theologian Christoph Theobald on the elements of a Christian vocation. Firstly, I discovered that my dispositions as a Christian affect my writing practice. For example, the calls to write come from both inside and out, and deciding if and how to respond to these calls requires discernment for which I turn to my Christian values. Second, Theobald stresses the crucial role played by misunderstandings, passeurs (or mediators), and exile in the vocational call (for example in the story of Samuel’s call, mediated by Eli). As I show, these elements are also important in the practice of literary creation. Third, the call to write, like the call to Christ, is a call to understand and deepen our own singularity, but like a religious vocation, can easily turn into a service of oneself rather than of others. In addition, the novelty sought in literary creation is not necessarily of the same nature as that of the “Good News”. Finally, however, I observed that there is a literary truth found in a well-written piece that resonates with the ineffable truths of faith. These resonances and dissonances helped me to create a practical theology of literary creation, whereby the key to discernment in daily practice is our own truth, or the concordance with ourselves that is found in the “holy hospitality” of Christ’s presence. Through the wellknown contagion of authenticity, literary spaces can be as hospitable as physical or social spaces. If we are authentic, as Jesus was, we can withdraw from the crowd to respond to calls to creation without self-reproach and immune to the reproaches (real or imagined) of our community of faith, and through the contagion of our authenticity, give permission to others to find their own authenticity and their own vocation

Expression of homologous RND efflux pump genes is dependent upon AcrB expression:implications for efflux and virulence inhibitor design

OBJECTIVES: Enterobacteriaceae have multiple efflux pumps that confer intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. AcrB mediates clinically relevant multidrug resistance and is required for virulence and biofilm formation, making it an attractive target for the design of inhibitors. The aim of this study was to assess the viability of single transporters as a target for efflux inhibition using Salmonella Typhimurium as the model pathogen. METHODS: The expression of resistance–nodulation–division (RND) efflux pump genes in response to the inactivation of single or multiple homologues was measured using real-time RT–PCR. Phenotypes of mutants were characterized by measuring antimicrobial susceptibility, dye accumulation and the ability to cause infection in vitro. RESULTS: The expression of all RND efflux pump genes was increased when single or multiple acr genes were inactivated, suggesting a feedback mechanism that activates the transcription of homologous efflux pump genes. When two or three acr genes were inactivated, the mutants had further reduced efflux, altered susceptibility to antimicrobials (including increased susceptibility to some, but conversely and counterintuitively, decreased susceptibility to some others) and were more attenuated in the tissue culture model than mutants lacking single pumps were. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that it is critical to understand which pumps an inhibitor is active against and the effect of this on the expression of homologous systems. For some antimicrobials, an inhibitor with activity against multiple pumps will have a greater impact on susceptibility, but an unintended consequence of this may be decreased susceptibility to other drugs, such as aminoglycosides

Perceived barriers and facilitators of exercise and healthy dietary choices : a study of employees and managers within a large transport organisation

Objective. The objective of the research was to examine employees’ perceived barriers and facilitators of physical activity and healthy dietary choices, and managers’ perceptions of how to facilitate physical activity and healthy dietary choices among their team members. Design. A cross-sectional and qualitative design was used. Setting. Participants were employees from a large public sector organisation (N= 121), who were asked about the barriers to and facilitators of maintaining regular exercise and healthy dietary choices. Managers were additionally asked about methods for facilitating physical activity and healthy dietary choices among their team members. Methods. The research used both quantitative and qualitative methodology, with categorical and open ended survey questions. Results. Thematic analysis revealed similar themes for both physical activity and healthy dietary choices, with participants citing working patterns, commuting times, family commitments, job characteristics, and lack of motivation as barriers to exercise and healthy dietary choices. Both employees and managers identified similar facilitators of exercise and healthy dietary choices, such as improved information, facilities, and working routines. Conclusion. The results provide an insight into the perceived barriers and facilitators to adopting a healthy lifestyle among a sample of employees with differing shift patterns and job roles. The results are discussed in relation to suggested methods for promoting physical activity and healthy dietary choices at work

Approaches to considering sex and gender in continuous professional development for health and social care professionals : an emerging paradigm

Consideration of sex and gender in research and clinical practice is necessary to redress health inequities and reduce knowledge gaps. As all health professionals must maintain and update their skills throughout their career, developing innovative continuing professional education programs that integrate sex and gender issues holds great promise for reducing these gaps. This article proposes new approaches to partnership, team development, pedagogical theory, content development, evaluation and data management that will advance the integration of sex and gender in continuing professional development (CPD). Our perspectives build on an intersectoral and interprofessional research team that includes several perspectives, including those of CPD, health systems, knowledge translation and sex and gender

'Just open your eyes a bit more': The methodological challenges of researching black and minority ethnic students' experiences of physical education teacher education

In this paper we discuss some of the challenges of centralising 'race' and ethnicity in Physical Education (PE) research, through reflecting on the design and implementation of a study exploring Black and minority ethnic students' experiences of their teacher education. Our aim in the paper is to contribute to ongoing theoretical and methodological debates about intersectionality, and specifically about difference and power in the research process. As McCorkel and Myers notes, the 'researchers' backstage'-the assumptions, motivations, narratives and relations-that underpin any research are not always made visible and yet are highly significant in judging the quality and substance of the resulting project. As feminists, we argue that the invisibility of 'race' and ethnicity within Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE), and PE research more widely, is untenable; however, we also show how centralising 'race' and ethnicity raised significant methodological and epistemological questions, particularly given our position as White researchers and lecturers. In this paper, we reflect on a number of aspects of our research 'journey': the theoretical and methodological challenges of operationalising concepts of 'race' and ethnicity, the practical issues and dilemmas involved in recruiting participants for the study, the difficulties of 'talking race' personally and professionally and challenges of representing the experiences of 'others'. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

TEST (Trial of Eczema allergy Screening Tests):protocol for feasibility randomised controlled trial of allergy tests in children with eczema, including economic scoping and nested qualitative study

Background Early-onset eczema is associated with food allergy, and allergic reactions to foods can cause acute exacerbations of eczema. Parents often pursue dietary restrictions as a way of managing eczema and seek allergy testing for their children to guide dietary management. However, it is unclear whether test-guided dietary management improves eczema symptoms, and whether the practice causes harm through reduced use of conventional eczema treatment or unnecessary dietary restrictions. The aim of the TEST (Trial of Eczema allergy Screening Tests) study is to determine the feasibility of conducting a trial comparing food allergy testing and dietary advice versus usual care, for the management of eczema in children. Methods and analysis Design: a single centre, two-group, individually randomised, feasibility RCT with economic scoping and a nested qualitative study. Setting: GP surgeries in the West of England. Participants: children aged over 3 months and less than 5 years with mild to severe eczema. Interventions: allergy testing (structured allergy history and skin prick tests) or usual care. Sample size and outcome measures: we aim to recruit 80 participants and follow them up using 4-weekly questionnaires for 24 weeks. Nested qualitative study: We will conduct ~20 interviews with parents of participating children, 5-8 interviews with parents who decline or withdraw from the trial and ~10 interviews with participating GPs. Economic scoping: We will gather data on key costs and outcomes to assess the feasibility of carrying out a cost-effectiveness analysis in a future definitive trial. Ethics and dissemination The study has been reviewed by the Health Research Authority and given a favourable opinion by the NHS REC (West Midlands – South Birmingham Research Ethics Committee, Reference Number 18/WM/0124). Findings will be submitted for presentation at conferences and written up for publication in peer-reviewed journals

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, an