Cytokine production by PBMCs in response to antigenic stimuli in varying concentrations of glucose.

<p>(A) PBMCs were stimulated in the presence of 5 mmol/L to 40 mmol/L glucose with RPMI, H37Rv lysate (1 μg/mL), LPS (10 ng/mL) or heat-killed <i>Candida Albicans</i> (1 × 10⁶ microorganisms/mL). Cell culture supernatants were collected after 24 h, 48 h or 7 days. (B) Data are shown as mean ± SEM of supernatant TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22 and IL-10 levels obtained in ≥ 6 volunteers, *p<0.05, **p<0.01.</p

Cytokine production by M0 and M2 macrophages stimulated in varying concentrations of glucose.

<p>(A) Adherent monocytes were differentiated in either 5 or 25 mmol/L glucose into M0 macrophages (serum only) or M2 macrophages (M-CSF and serum) for 6 days and stimulated with RPMI, H37Rv lysate (1 μg/mL) or LPS (10 ng/mL). (B) Cell culture supernatants were collected and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were measured along with the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1RA (n = 23). Data are shown as mean ± SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01 &, ***p<0.001.</p