Preliminary evaluation of the effects of a 1:1 inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio in anesthetized and ventilated horses

Objective To describe some cardiorespiratory effects of an inspiratory-to-expiratory (IE) ratio of 1:1 compared with 1:3 in ventilated horses in dorsal recumbency. Study design Randomized crossover experimental study. Animals A total of eight anesthetized horses, with 444 (330–485) kg body weight [median (range)]. Methods Horses were ventilated in dorsal recumbency with a tidal volume of 15 mL kg–1 and a respiratory rate of 8 breaths minute–1, and IE ratios of 1:1 (IE1:1) and 1:3 (IE1:3) in random order, each for 25 minutes after applying a recruitment maneuver. Spirometry, arterial blood gases and dobutamine requirements were recorded in all horses during each treatment. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) data were recorded in four horses and used to generate functional EIT variables including regional ventilation delay index (RVD), a measure of speed of lung inflation, and end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI), an indicator of functional residual capacity (FRC). Results were assessed with linear and generalized linear mixed models. Results Compared with treatment IE1:3, horses ventilated with treatment IE1:1 had higher mean airway pressures and respiratory system compliance (p < 0.014), while peak, end-inspiratory and driving airway pressures were lower (p < 0.001). No differences in arterial oxygenation or dobutamine requirements were observed. PaCO2 was lower in treatment IE1:1 (p = 0.039). Treatment IE1:1 resulted in lower RVD (p < 0.002) and higher EELI (p = 0.023) than treatment IE1:3. Conclusions and clinical relevance These results suggest that IE1:1 improved respiratory system mechanics and alveolar ventilation compared with IE1:3, whereas oxygenation and dobutamine requirements were unchanged, although differences were small. In the four horses where EIT was evaluated, IE1:1 led to a faster inflation rate of the lung, possibly the result of increased FRC. The clinical relevance of these findings needs to be further investigated

Prevalence and associated risk factors of Salmonella spp. On the pork production chain in Córdoba, Argentina

Salmonella is considered a major pathogen in Public Health. Córdoba is an important region for the production of pork. In this study we estimated the prevalence and risk factors associated with Salmonella at different stages of pig production chain (farms, slaughterhouses and pork sausages industries). The observed prevalence of farms in this study was higher than reported by EU. The main Risk Factors could be linked to the lack of good manufacturing practices in the whole pork chain in the region.</p

High-dose buprenorphine results in a greater occurrence of postoperative hyperthermia than morphine in a randomized clinical trial in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy

OBJECTIVE To compare the thermoregulatory and analgesic effects of high-dose buprenorphine versus morphine in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS 94 client-owned cats. PROCEDURES Cats were randomized to receive either buprenorphine 0.24 mg/kg or morphine 0.1 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC) during recovery from ovariohysterectomy. Body temperature measurements were obtained before anesthesia, during anesthesia (averaged), at extubation, and 2, 4, and 16 to 20 hours postoperatively. Signs of pain were assessed, and demographic characteristics were compared between groups. The effects of treatment and time on body temperature, point prevalence of hyperthermia (> 39.2 °C), and pain scores were compared with linear or generalized mixed-effect models. RESULTS Cats receiving morphine (vs. buprenorphine) were older and heavier (both, P ≤ 0.005). Other group characteristics did not differ between treatments. Cats receiving buprenorphine (vs. morphine) had higher postoperative temperatures (P = 0.03). At 2, 4, and 16 to 20 hours after extubation, the point prevalence of hyperthermia was greater (P = 0.001) for cats receiving buprenorphine (55% [26/47], 44% [21/47], and 62% [27/43], respectively) versus morphine (28% [13/46], 13% [6/46], and 47% [21/44], respectively). There were no differences in pain scores between groups or over time. Five cats receiving buprenorphine and 6 receiving morphine required rescue analgesia within the 24-hour period. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of buprenorphine (0.24 mg/kg SC), compared with morphine (0.1 mg/kg SC), resulted in higher body temperatures without an apparent advantage with regard to analgesia during the first 20 postoperative hours than morphine. Opioid-induced postoperative hyperthermia could confound the diagnosis of fever from different sources.Fil: Martin-Flores, Manuel. Cornell University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Clinical Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Lorenzutti, Augusto M. Universidad Catolica de Cordoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Catedra de Farmacologia y Toxicologia; ArgentinaFil: Nugen, Sarah A. Cornell University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Clinical Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Boesch, Jordyn M. Cornell University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Clinical Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Kirch, Pati J. Cornell University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Clinical Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Merry, Hillary L. Cornell University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Clinical Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Campoy, Luis. Cornell University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Clinical Sciences; Estados Unido

Expression of dipeptidylaminopeptidase IV/CD26 in peripheral blood lymphocytes of hemophilic subjects.

CD26 antigen, a 110 kDa membrane glycoprotein with exopeptidase activity (DAP IV), is an activation marker of T lymphocytes preferentially expressed on CD4+ memory cells and involved in T cell proliferation and IL-2 production after antigenic stimulation. We employed cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques to study DAP IV/CD26 expression in circulating lymphocytes from 40 hemophilic patients, chronically treated with coagulation factors, in order to verify the possible involvement of this molecule in the immunological alterations of hemophilia. In all the hemophiliacs DAP IV activity was significantly lower than in the controls, independently of the quantity of blood transfused and previous exposure to viruses. This reduction may be responsible for the impaired proliferative response of lymphocytes to antigens and mitogens, notoriously observed in hemophilia. Whereas in the group of HIV- patients CD26 expression was similar to that of normal controls, in the 8 HIV+ hemophilic patients both percentages of positive lymphocytes and intensity of staining were significantly lower. In only 4 of the 8 cases was this deficit associated with CD4+ cell depletion. The significant selective loss of CD26 expression observed in HIV+ patients is probably an early event after HIV infection and seems to occur even before CD4 cell depletion. In conclusion, evaluation of DAP IV/CD26 might be a useful option for monitoring the immunological alterations of all hemophilic patients, HIV positive or not, chronically treated with coagulation factors

Prevalence, associated risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of non-typhoidal Salmonella in large scale swine production in Córdoba, Argentina

Fil: Vico, J. P. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J.; Córdoba, Argentina.Fil: Lorenzutti, A. M. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J.; Córdoba, Argentina.Fil: Zogbi, A. P. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J.; Córdoba, Argentina.Fil: Aleu, G. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J.; Córdoba, Argentina.Fil: Sánchez, I. C. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J.; Córdoba, Argentina.Fil: Caffer, M. I. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Servicio de Enterobacterias; Argentina.Fil: Rosmini, M. R. Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Santa Fe, Argentina.Fil: Mainar-Jaime, R. C. Universidad de Zaragoza. Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2. Facultad de Veterinaria. Departamento de Patología Animal; España.Non-typhoidal Salmonella is considered a major public health concern. The growing relevance of pigs as reservoir of Salmonella spp. has prompted several countries to set up surveillance and control programs to fight Salmonella infection in swine and reduce public health risk. In the last decade, pork production in Córdoba increased significantly to become one of the most important pig production provinces in Argentina. The aim of this study was to estimate Salmonella spp. prevalence and associated risk factors in large scale-farms in this province. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of 580 pigs from 20 finishing large-scale farms were collected between 2014 and 2015 to estimate Salmonella infection. A prevalence of 41.5% (95%CI: 37.6-45.6%) was observed. Two major risk factors were significantly associated with Salmonella infection, both related to the pre-slaughter period (distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse and lairage time), highlighting the need to pay special attention to pre-slaughter practices in the province. Shortening transport times and complying with national regulations for lairage time at slaughter may help to reduce the prevalence of infection. Sixteen different serovars were identified, being S. Anatum and S. Typhimurium the most prevalent ones. Moreover, two isolate of the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium (I 4,5,12:i:-) resistant to enrofloxacin and which also displayed multidrug resistance was isolated for first time from pigs in Córdoba. The moderate to high levels of antimicrobial resistance detected for antibiotics commonly used in the pig sector suggested the need for implementing a plan to limit their use in the province

Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling of cefquinome in nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating goats after intravenous and intramuscular administration

Cefquinome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is used empirically in goats. Different physiologic factors like pregnancy or lactation could determine the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs in the organism. The objectives of this study are to (a) compare the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome after intravenous and intramuscular administration in adult nonpregnant (n = 6), pregnant (n = 6), and lactating goats (n = 6), at a dose of 2 mg/kg, with rich sampling by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, (b) conduct a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis to evaluate the efficacy of the recommended posology in goats with different physiological states, and (c) determine the optimal posology that achieve a PTA value ≥ 90%, taking into account a T > MIC ≥ 60% of a MIC value ≤ 0.25 µg/ml, in the different subpopulations of goats for both routes. Gestation significantly increased Ka and V1, while reduced F0, Cl, and Q. On the other hand, lactation significantly increased V1 and reduced Tk0. Cefquinome concentrations achieved in placental cotyledon, amniotic fluid, and fetal serum indicate a minimal penetration across the placental barrier. Moreover, milk penetration of cefquinome was minimal. The total body clearance of cefquinome for goats was 0.29 L kg−1 hr−1, that is apparently higher than the reported for cows (0.13 L kg−1 hr−1) and pigs (0.16 L kg−1 hr−1). So, the optimal dose regimen for cefquinome after intravenous and intramuscular administration required higher dose and frequency of administration compared with recommendations for cows or pigs. Therefore, 2 mg kg−1 8 hr−1 and 5 mg kg−1 12 hr−1 could be used for IV and IM routes, respectively, for the treatment of respiratory infections caused by P. multocida and M. haemolytica, but only 5 mg kg−1 12 hr−1 by both routes should be recommended for Escherichia coli infections.Fil: Litterio, Nicolás Javier. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. IRNASUS CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Lorenzutti, Augusto Matías. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. IRNASUS CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Zarazaga, María del Pilar. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. IRNASUS CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Himelfarb, Martín Alejandro. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. IRNASUS CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: San Andrés-Larrea, Manuel Ignacio. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Pharmacology and toxicology; EspañaFil: Serrano-Rodríguez, Juan Manuel. Universidad de Córdoba. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Pharmacology Area. Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy; Españ