Characteristics of incident CKD patients, stratified by cumulative use of NSAIDs during the follow-up, and results from ordinary and cumulative logistic regressions.

<p>SD =  standard deviation; 95% CI  =  confidence interval; adj. OR =  adjusted OR; mean duration of follow-up (years): mean follow-up between date of incident CKD diagnosis (i.e. index date) and end of the follow-up.</p><p>*The analysis was adjusted by sex and age.</p><p>¹ Co-morbidities and concomitant drugs have been evaluated any time prior to the index date and they are not mutually exclusive.</p>†<p>Combination therapy consisting of vitamin A and D (ATC: A11CB) or vitamin D/vitamin D analogues (ATC: A11CC).</p

Proportion of incident CKD patients (N = 1,989) who received at least one prescription of nephrotoxic drug.

<p>Proportion of incident CKD patients (N = 1,989) who received at least one prescription of nephrotoxic drug within one year prior or after first CKD diagnosis, and within one year after dialysis entry (N = 112).</p

Flow chart of CKD patients included in the study.

<p>Flow chart of CKD patients included in the study.</p

Proportion of CKD patients (N = 1,989) who received ≥ 1 prescription of NSAIDs.

<p>Proportion of CKD patients (N = 1,989) who received at least one prescription of individual NSAIDs within one year prior or after the first CKD diagnosis and within one year after the entry in dialysis (N = 112). Others (<5%): tenoxicam, meloxicam, aceclofenac, ibuprofen, dexibuprofen, tiaprofenic acid, naproxen, lornoxicam, acetylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and ascorbic acid, niflumic acid, diclofenac sodium plus misoprostol. Coxib: celecoxib, etoricoxib.</p

Crude and Cluster-adjusted analysis of CKD patients’ CND prescription by GP.

<p>Distribution (%) of CKD patients who received at least one prescription of contraindicated nephrotoxic drugs (CND) within the year prior (A) and after (B) first CKD diagnosis, clustered by GP. The distribution was clustered by GP and the was adjusted also by sex and age. CND: contraindicated nephrotoxic drug.</p

Proportion of CKD patients (N = 1,989) who received ≥ 1 prescription of CND, stratified by classes.

<p>Proportion of CKD patients (N = 1,989) who received at least one prescription of contraindicated nephrotoxic drugs, stratified by drug classes, within one year prior or after first CKD diagnosis, and within one year after the entry in dialysis (N = 112) within one year prior or after first CKD diagnosis, and within one year after the entry in dialysis (N = 112). Others: zoledronate, lithium, antineoplastic agents (methotrexate, interferon alfa-2B), gold preparations (auranofin), hydrochlorothiazide. Low dosage acetylsalicylic acid was not included among NSAIDs, but it was analysed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089072#pone-0089072-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5</a>, separately. CND: contraindicated nephrotoxic drug.</p