Date Marks, Valuation, and Food Waste: Three In-Store ‘Eggsperiments’

We provide causal evidence on how date marking policies influence consumers' valuation of perishable food products through three consecutive research steps. In a preparatory in-store survey (n = 100), we identify perishable food items that can be experimentally manipulated to overcome core challenges for causal identification. A modified in-store multiple price list (MPL) experiment (n = 200) then tests consumers' valuation of perishable food of varying shelf-life (expiry date) in a two-by-two design that varies date mark type(use-by versus best-before) and information status while preventing free disposal censoring. We find that expiry dates affect consumer valuation, but not differences in date mark type. Educating consumers about date mark meaning turns out to be conducive to discarding potentially unsafe food, but not to preventing food waste. An attentiveness experiment (n = 160) tests whether these treatment effects plausibly result from the nature of consumers' knowledge and finds that the existing asymmetry in consumers' understanding of current date marks can explain the evidence from the modified MPL experiment

Lab-like findings from online experiments

Laboratory experiments have been often replaced by online experiments in the last decade. This trend has been reinforced when academic and research work based on physical interaction had to be suspended due to restrictions imposed to limit the spread of Covid-19. Therefore, data quality and results from web experiments have become an issue which is currently investigated. Are there significant differences between lab experiments and online findings? We contribute to this debate via an experiment aimed at comparing results from a novel online protocol with traditional laboratory settings, using the same pool of participants. We find that participants in our experiment behave in a similar way across settings and that there are at best weakly significant and quantitatively small differences in behavior observed using our online protocol and physical laboratory setting

Modelling co-infection of the cystic fibrosis lung by <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> and <em>Burkholderia cenocepacia</em> reveals influences on biofilm formation and host response

The Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia are opportunistic human pathogens that are responsible for severe nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients and those suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). These two bacteria have been shown to form biofilms in the airways of CF patients that make such infections more difficult to treat. Only recently have scientists begun to appreciate the complicated interplay between microorganisms during polymicrobial infection of the CF airway and the implications they may have for disease prognosis and response to therapy.To gain insight into the possible role that interaction between strains of P. aeruginosa and B. cenocepacia may play during infection, we characterised co-inoculations of in vivo and in vitro infection models. Co-inoculations were examined in an in vitro biofilm model and in a murine model of chronic infection. Assessment of biofilm formation showed that B. cenocepacia positively influenced P. aeruginosa biofilm development by increasing biomass. Interestingly, co-infection experiments in the mouse model revealed that P. aeruginosa did not change its ability to establish chronic infection in the presence of B. cenocepacia but co-infection did appear to increase host inflammatory response.Taken together, these results indicate that the co-infection of P. aeruginosa and B. cenocepacia leads to increased biofilm formation and increased host inflammatory response in the mouse model of chronic infection. These observations suggest that alteration of bacterial behavior due to interspecies interactions may be important for disease progression and persistent infection

Biofilm architecture in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> is influenced by <i>B. cenocepacia</i>.

<p>Images are of 4-day-old biofilms in flow cells in FABL medium. Key: (A) <i>P. aeruginosa</i> RP73; (B) <i>B. cenocepacia</i> LMG16656;(C) mixed culture of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> RP73 and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> LMG16656; (D) Quantification of biomass as determined using COMSTAT to estimate the percentage of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> cells as a function of the total biomass. For these experiments, <i>P. aeruginosa</i> was tagged with mini-Tn<i>7gfp</i>. <i>B. cenocepacia</i> was visualized with Syto62, as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052330#s4" target="_blank"><i>Materials and Methods</i></a>. Scale bars = 20 µm. Images shown are representative of 12 images from three independent experiments.</p

Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid after 13 days of infection.

<p>The number of total leukocytes and in particular of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes recruited in the airways were analyzed in BAL fluid (BALF) after 13 days of chronic lung infection with pairs of clinical (A) or environmental strains (B)). Values represent the mean ± SEM. The data are pooled from two or three independent experiments. Statistical significance by two tailed Student's <i>t</i>-test is indicated: * <i>P</i><0.05, ** <i>P</i><0.01.</p

Virulence of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> strains alone or in co-infection in mice.

<p>C57Bl/6 mice (A and B), <i>Cftr^tm1UNCTgN(FABPCFTR)</i> (CF) and their congenic wt mice (C) were infected with <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and/or <i>B. cenocepacia</i> strains. Mortality induced by bacteremia (red) and survival (grey) were evaluated on challenged mice. Clearance (white) and capacity to establish chronic airways infection (green) after 13 days from challenge were determined on surviving mice infected with <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> strains alone or with pairs of clinical (A and C) or environmental (B) strains. The data are pooled from two to three independent experiments. Mortality and chronic infection are reported as median values. B6.129P2-<i>Cftr^tm1UNCTgN(FABPCFTR) Cftr</i>^+/+ and B6.129P2-<i>Cftr^tm1UNCTgN(FABPCFTR)Cftr^S489X/S489X</i> mice co-infected with RP73-LMG16656 developed a higher rate of mortality when compared with C57BL/6NCrlBR mice (<i>P</i><0.05; see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052330#pone.0052330.s006" target="_blank">Table S1</a>).</p

Single and dual species batch growth curves and competitive index values.

<p>The two species were individually cultured or co-cultured at a 1∶1 ratio and grown for 24 h in NB medium at 37°C with vigorous aeration. Colony-forming unit counts (CFU) were determined at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h of bacterial growth. The results are the mean of Log (CFU ml⁻¹) values of three separated assays. Key: (A) Growth of clinical <i>P. aeruginosa</i> RP73 and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> LMG16656 strains in single and dual cultures; (B) Competitive index (CI) and relative increase ratio (RIR) generated from single and dual cultures of clinical <i>P. aeruginosa</i> RP73 and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> LMG16656 strains; (C) Growth of environmental <i>P. aeruginosa</i> E5 and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> Mex1 strains in single and dual cultures; (D) Competitive index (CI) and relative increase ratio (RIR) generated from single and dual cultures of environmental <i>P. aeruginosa</i> E5 and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> Mex1 strains. CI and RIR were calculated as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052330#s4" target="_blank"><i>Materials and Methods</i></a>. Each value represents the mean of RIR and CI values from three separate assays, and the bars indicate standard deviations. * = <i>P</i><0.05, ** = <i>P</i><0.01 in the Student's t test.</p

<i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> planktonic and sessile cells in single and dual cultures.

<p>Bacteria were grown overnight in 96-well polyvinyl chloride flat-bottomed microtiter plates in NB medium at 37°C either individually cultured or co-cultured at a 1∶1 ratio. CFU counts were determined at 24 h of bacterial growth in both planktonic and sessile fraction. Key: (A, left) Sessile cells of clinical pair (<i>P. aeruginosa</i> RP73 and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> LMG16656) in single and dual cultures; (A, right) Sessile cells of environmental pair (<i>P. aeruginosa</i> E5 and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> Mex1) in single and dual cultures; (B, left) Planktonic cells of clinical pair (<i>P. aeruginosa</i> RP73 and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> LMG16656) in single and dual cultures; (B, right) Planktonic cells of environmental pair (<i>P. aeruginosa</i> E5 and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> Mex1) in single and dual cultures; (C) CI and RIR mean values of sessile growth of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> versus <i>B. cenocepacia</i> (RP73 <i>versus</i> LMG16656, E5 <i>versus</i> Mex1); (D) CI and RIR of planktonic growth of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> versus <i>B. cenocepacia</i>. Each value represents the mean of RIR and CI values from three separate assays, and the bars indicate standard deviations. * = <i>P</i><0.05, ** = <i>P</i><0.01, *** = <i>P</i><0.001 in Student's t test.</p

Biofilm formation by <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>B. cenocepacia</i> strains in single and dual cultures.

<p>Bacteria were grown overnight in 96-well polyvinyl chloride flat-bottomed microtiter plates in NB medium at 37°C either individually cultured or co-cultured at a 1∶1 ratio or when individually cultured supplemented with sterile concentrated supernatant of the second organism at a final concentration of 1×. Biofilm biomass was quantified by staining with crystal violet and absorbance measurements at OD ₅₉₅. The values are means of three separated assays, and the bars indicate standard deviation. * = <i>P</i><0.05, ** = <i>P</i><0.01, *** = <i>P</i><0.001 in Student's t test. S = supernatant.</p