Solvent nature effect in preparation of perovskites by flame pyrolysis: 2 : Alcohols and alcohols plus propionic acid mixtures

The effect of either pure alcohols or alcohols + propionic acid mixtures as solvents for the preparation by flame pyrolysis of a standard LaCoO3 catalyst, to be employed for the catalytic flameless combustion of methane, has been investigated. All the catalysts proved very active for the mentioned reaction. Low-MW pure alcohols showed however less suitable than alcohols-propionic acid mixtures, leading to lower perovskite phase purity, less particle size homogeneity and lower specific surface area. The high volatility of the solvent seems to be the major cause, together with the improper behaviour of nitrates (forced by solubility reasons) as perovskite metals precursors. However, the addition of propionic acid to the alcohols allowed to use the acetates as precursors and hence to obtain high perovskitic phase purity, high SSA and Uniform particle size. Moreover, the increase of combustion enthalpy of the solvent, through the addition of higher-MW alcohols, leading to progressively higher flame temperature, strongly improved the thermal resistance of the catalyst, without lowering catalytic performance

Solvent nature effect in preparation of perovskites by flame pyrolysis: 1: carboxylic acids

The effect of a series of carboxylic acids (C(2)-C(8)), as solvents for the preparation by flame spray pyrolysis of LaCoO(3) catalyst for the flameless combustion of methane, has been investigated. Acetic acid showed to be unsatisfactory from several points of view: low phase purity of the catalyst, higher amount of unburnt carbonaceous residua, lower catalytic activity and low thermal stability. By increasing the carbon chain length of the solvent, the consequent increase of flame temperature led to an increase of crystal phase purity and of particle size and to a decrease of specific surface area of the catalyst. Catalytic activity showed only marginally affected by the last parameter, phase purity seeming more important. Thermal resistance showed directly related to flame temperature, i.e. to the combustion enthalpy of the solvent, but a relatively high amount of residual organic matter can negatively affect this property

Multiplicity Distributions in νμp Interactions

Multiplicity distributions of the hadrons produced in antineutrino proton interactions are presented. The data sample, which consists of 2025 charged-current events with antineutrino energy greater than 5 GeV, comes from exposures of the 15-foot hydrogen bubble chamber to the broad-band antineutrino beam at Fermilab. The distribution in hadronic mass W has an average value of 3.7 GeV but extends up to 10 GeV. The mean multiplicity of charged hadrons depends on the hadronic mass W and varies as = (-0.44 +- 0.13) + (1.48 +- 0.06) 1n W/sup 2/ for W/sup 2/ > 4 GeV/sup 2/. The mean multiplicities for events with three or more charged tracks averaged over the total data sample are = 1.68 +-0.03 and = 1.11 +- 0.07 for ..pi../sup -/ and ..pi../sup 0/ production, respectively. The mean ..pi../sup 0/ multiplicity is found to increase slowly with n/sub -/. The integrated correlation coefficient f/sub 2//sup - -/ and the dispersion D/sup -/ are given as a function of n/sub -/. When compared to the distributions characteristic of other leptonic and hadronic reactions, a similarity is found between the anti ..nu..- data and results from hadronic reactions that have no diffractive component. Multiplicity data for the heavier particles K/sup 0/, rho and ..lambda.. are also summarized. The pion multiplicities in the current fragmentation region exceed those for the target fragmentation at all W values. They also satisfy the isospin relation 2 = + required for the fragmentation of an I = 1/2 quark when a W > 4 GeV selection is imposed

Preparation by flame spray pyrolysis of ABO(3 +/-delta) catalysts for the flameless combustion of methane

Perovskitic mixed oxides prepared through flame-spray pyrolysis possess a good stability in high-temperature application, viz. the catalytic flameless combustion of methane. Some preparation operating parameters are here analysed, such as O2 pressure drop along the spraying nozzle, O2 discharge velocity and flow rate. These parameters have been correlated with specific surface area, activity and durability of the prepared samples, as well as with flame temperature, varied by using different fuel mixtures. It was found that specific surface area increases with increasing O2 velocity and flow rate and with decreasing the combustion enthalpy of the solvent mixture. This reflects on both activity and durability of the catalyst

Preparation by flame spray pyrolysis of ABO(3 +/-delta) catalysts for the flameless combustion of methane

Perovskitic mixed oxides prepared through flame-spray pyrolysis possess a good stability in high-temperature application, viz. the catalytic flameless combustion of methane. Some preparation operating parameters are here analysed, such as O2 pressure drop along the spraying nozzle, O2 discharge velocity and flow rate. These parameters have been correlated with specific surface area, activity and durability of the prepared samples, as well as with flame temperature, varied by using different fuel mixtures. It was found that specific surface area increases with increasing O2 velocity and flow rate and with decreasing the combustion enthalpy of the solvent mixture. This reflects on both activity and durability of the catalyst