Disfunção executiva como uma medida de funcionalidade em adultos com TDAH Executive dysfunction as a measure of functionality in adults with ADHD

Este artigo aborda a presença e a apresentação clínica da disfunção executiva em pacientes com TDAH. Na medida em que sintomas de disfunção executiva determinam as alterações de funcionamento desses pacientes nas atividades do dia-a-dia, torna-se relevante o estudo das relações entre alterações em testes neuropsicológicos formais de funções executivas e a ocorrência desses sintomas. A constatação relativamente recente do papel da disfunção executiva no TDAH tem impulsionado a pesquisa neuropsicológica, mas os dados até agora disponíveis são ainda pouco consistentes. Uma visão atualizada dessas questões sugere que a semiologia neuropsicológica disponível ainda não alcança plenamente a constelação de sintomas práticos do TDAH no dia-a-dia, mostrando a necessidade de avanços na pesquisa dessas relações.<br>This article addresses the presence and the clinical presentation of executive dysfunction in patients with ADHD. Because symptoms of executive dysfunction apparently determine functional abnormalities in daily activities, the study of the correlations between such manifestations and abnormalities in formal neuropsychological tests becomes clinically relevant. The relatively recent realization of the pivotal role of executive dysfunction in ADHD has kindled interest in neuropsychological research, but the data generated thus far are still not fully consistent. An updated view of these issues suggests that the available neuropsychological semiology is not sufficient to identify or predict the full constellation of practical symptoms of ADHD in daily life. Thus, more research is needed to establish secure links between neuropsychological testing and symptoms of executive dysfunction in the practical functioning of patients with ADHD

A Preformulation Study of a New Medicine for Chagas Disease Treatment: Physicochemical Characterization, Thermal Stability, and Compatibility of Benznidazole

This work aimed the studies of physicochemical characterization, thermal stability, and compatibility of benznidazole (BNZ) drug by spectroscopy (NMR, IR), thermoanalytical (differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry), and chromatographic (HPLC) techniques, beyond the analytical tools of Van’t Hoff equation and Ozawa model. The compatibility study was conducted by binary mixtures (1:1, w/w) of the drug with microcrystalline cellulose 102 and 250, anhydrous lactose, and sodium starch glycolate. The physicochemical characterization confirmed data reported in scientific literature, guaranteeing authenticity of the analyzed raw material. The drug melts at 191.68°C (∆H, 119.71 J g−1), characteristic of a non-polymorphic raw material, and a main stage decomposition at 233.76–319.35°C (∆m, 43.32%) occurred, ending the study with almost all mass volatilized. The quantification of drug purity demonstrated a correlation of 99.63% between the data obtained by chromatographic (99.20%) and thermoanalytical technique (99.56%). The Arrhenius equation and Ozawa model showed a zero-order kinetic behavior for the drug decomposition, and a calculated provisional validity time was 2.37 years at 25°C. The compatibility study evidenced two possible chemical incompatibilities between BNZ and the tested excipients, both associated by the authors to the reaction of the BNZ’s amine and a polymer carbohydrate’s carbonile, being maillard reactions. The BNZ reaction with anhydrous lactose is more pronounced than with the sodium starch glycolate because the lactose has more free hydroxyl groups to undergo reduction by the drug. In this sense, this work guides the development of a new solid pharmaceutical product for Chagas disease treatment, with defined quality control parameters and physicochemical stability