Use of cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 concentration for diagnosis and monitoring of neurosyphilis: a three-case report

Introduction: Previous retrospective studies have demonstrated that the concentration of chemokine ligand CXCL13 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-CXCL13) is a promising biomarker in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis and, additionally, in the monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. Objective: To describe three cases of patients with neurosyphilis (NS) treated at Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with suspected active syphilis with neurological symptoms. Case report: Three patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were investigated for symptomatic NS. The concentration of CSF-CXCL13 was prospectively performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in all participants at baseline and in follow-up visits at 3 months after therapy. CSF-CXCL13 concentrations were significantly higher in all three patients with established NS. The CSF-CXCL13 concentrations decreased after 3 months of therapy compared to baseline in all cases reported. The added high concentration of CSF-CXCL13 plus CSF-TPHA reactivity above 1:40 titer agreed with the diagnosis of NS in 100% of the cases. Conclusion: In this case series, we present three cases of NS diagnosed using CXCL13 in CSF as a complementary test. These case series suggest that the clinical use of CSF-CXCL13 is useful as a supplementary biomarker for NS and for monitoring the effectiveness of NS therapy, especially in patients with nonreactive CSF-VDRL, excluding other neurologic diseases

Avaliação dos fenótipos de acetilação e hidroxilação predominantes nas populações de cinco macrorregiões do Brasil baseada no genomapossível influência da farmacogenética na conduta terapêutica da hanseníase

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-16T13:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 marcia_lopes_ioc_dout_2015.pdf: 2822157 bytes, checksum: 7ef4250346238fec2cbc79a65607b81c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilA hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa crônica, com alto poder incapacitante. O tratamento se baseia na combinação de três drogas: dapsona, rifampicina e clofazimina, porém, a ocorrência de reações adversas (ADRs) induzidas principalmente pela dapsona (~70%) é frequentemente observada. Dentre as ADRs destacam-se: a metemoglobinemia, anemia hemolítica, a hepatite e a síndrome da dapsona. A metabolização da dapsona é baseada em reações enzimáticas de acetilação e hidroxilação, catalisadas, pelas enzimas N-acetiltransferase2 (NAT2) e hidroxilases do citocromo P450 (CYPs). Dentre os vários fatores associados à ocorrência de ADRs, o fator genético é primordial. Polimorfismos presentes em genes que codificam para enzimas metabolizadoras de drogas podem representar alto risco para este desfecho. Paralelamente, outro aspecto importante é a alta variabilidade genética ligada à etnia. O Brasil é um país composto por uma população altamente miscigenada com alta diversidade genética. Sendo a hanseníase uma doença endêmica tratada com um esquema padronizado para toda a população, a avaliação destes perfis genéticos é de fundamental relevância para a prevenção de ADRs. Este estudo teve como principal objetivo descrever a variabilidade dos genes NAT2, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 em coortes de pacientes de hanseníase provenientes das cinco diferentes macrorregiões do Brasil e realizar um estudo de associação, do tipo caso-controle, entre as variáveis genéticas presentes nesses genes com a ocorrência de reações adversas em pacientes com hanseníase em tratamento com esquemas contendo dapsona Um total de 964 indivíduos foram incluidos no estudo descritivo de NAT2 enquanto para o estudo de associação variou dependendo da região. Vinte e três SNPs de NAT2, foram identificados nas populações estudadas, dos quais sete: 191 G>A; 282 C>T; 341T>C; 481 C>T; 590 G>A; 803 A>G e 857 G>A, são os mais frequentes na população mundial. Os resultados mostraram uma predominância de alelos NAT2 associados com acetilação lenta porém variando de acordo com a região estudada. De forma semelhante, após genotipagem dos genes da família CYP450, foi observado que as frequências alélicas e genotípicas também variaram ao longo de todo território brasileiro. Os resultados mostraram que pacientes hansenianos com perfil de acetilação lenta e de hidroxilação rápida (CYP2E1), avaliados separadamente demonstraram uma associação com a ocorrência de ADRs, porém com Razões de Chance menores (2,4 e 1,9) que na análise combinada (4,08 para CYP2E1). Os perfis de hidroxilação rápida caracterizada pela presença dos alelos CYP3A5*3,CYP3A5*6 e CYP3A4*1B analisados separadamente não apresentaram associação com a ocorrência de ADRs, porém na análise combinada com o perfil de acetilação lenta, observou-se uma forte associação com este desfecho representada pelas ORs (6,4 para CYP3A5*3; 4,83 para CYP3A5*6 e 2,84 para CYP3A4*1B) sugerindo que a combinação entre os perfís fenotípicos de acetilação lenta com hidroxilação rápida representam o algorítimo ideal para uma proposta de teste preditivo a ser utilizado como suporte no tratamento da hanseníase com esquema contendo DDSLeprosy is a chronic infectious disease with high disabling potential. The treatment is based on the combination of three drugs: dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine, however, the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) mainly induced by dapsone (~70%) is frequently observed with a predominance of methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, hepatitis and dapsone syndrome. The dapsone metabolization is mediated by acetylation and hydroxylation enzymatic reactions catalyzed by the N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and cytochrome P450 (CYPs). Among the various factors associated with the occurrence of ADRs, the genetic factor is essential. Polymorphisms in genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes may represent a high risk for this outcome. In paralell, another important aspect is the high genetic variability related to ethnicity. Brazil is composed of a high mixed population with high levels of genetic diversity. Being leprosy is an endemic disease which treatment is a standard regimen for the entire population, the evaluation of these genetic profiles became relevant for prevention of ADRs. The main goals of this study was to describe the genetic variability of NAT2, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in cohorts of leprosy patients from five Brazilian geographical regions and to perform an association study (case-control) between the genetic variants present in these genes and occurrence of ADRs in leprosy patients treated with dapsone-containing schemes. A total of 964 individuals were enrolled to the descriptive study for NAT2 while for the association study the sample size varied according to the region.Twenty-three SNPs in NAT2, were identified in the study populatuion, seven of which 191 G> A; 282 C> T; 341T> C; 481 C> T; 590 G> A; 803 A> G and 857 G>A are the most frequent in the world population. The results showed a predominance of the NAT2 alleles associated with slow acetylation however, varying according to the studied region . Similarly, after genotyping of CYP450 gene family, an allele and genotype frequency variation was also observed over Brazil. The results showed that leprosy patients with slow acetylation and rapid hydroxylation profile (CYP2E1), evaluated separately showed an association with the occurrence of ADRs, but with lower Odds ratios (2.4 and 1.9) then that observed in combined analysis (4.08 CYP2E1). The fast hydroxylation profile characterized by the presence of CYP3A5*3, CYP3A5*6 and CYP3A4*1B, analyzed separately did not showed association with the occurrence of ADRs, however, the combined analysis with NAT2 slow acetylation profile showed a strong acetylation with this outcome represented by the ORs ( 6.4 for CYP3A5*3; 4.83 for CYP3A5*6 and 2.84 for CYP3A4*1B) suggesting that the combination of slow acetylation with fast hydroxylation phenotypes represent the ideal algorithm for a predictive test to be used as a support for leprosy treatment with DDS-containing regimen