Respiration and Quality Responses of Sweet Cherry to Different Atmospheres during Cold Storage and Shipping

Most sweet cherries produced in the US Pacific Northwest and shipped to distant markets are often in storage and transit for over 3 weeks. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of sweet cherry storage O2 and CO2 concentrations on the respiratory physiology and the efficacy of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on extending shelf life. Oxygen depletion and CO2 formation by ‘Bing’ and ‘Sweetheart’ cherry fruit were measured. While respiration rate was inhibited linearly by reduced O2 concentration from 21% to 3-4% at 20 °C, it was affected very little from 21% to ~10% but declined logarithmically from ~10% to ~1% at 0 °C. Estimated fermentation induction points determined by a specific increased respiratory quotient were less than 1% and 3-4% O2 for both cultivars at 0 and 20 °C, respectively. ‘Bing’ and ‘Sweetheart’ cherry fruit were packaged (~8 kg/box) in 5 different commercial MAP box liners and a standard macro-perforated polyethylene box liner (as control) and stored at 0 °C for 6 weeks. MAP liners that equilibrated with atmospheres of 1.8-8.0% O2 + 7.3-10.3% CO2 reduced fruit respiration rate, maintained higher titratable acidity (TA) and flavor compared to control fruit after 4 and 6 weeks of cold storage. In contrast, MAP liners that equilibrated with atmospheres of 9.9-14.4% O2 + 5.7-12.9% CO2 had little effect on inhibiting respiration rate and TA loss and maintaining flavor during cold storage. All five MAP liners maintained higher fruit firmness (FF) compared to control fruit after 6 weeks of cold storage. In conclusion, storage atmospheres of 1.8-14.4% O2 + 5.7-12.9% CO2 generated by commercial MAP, maintained higher FF, but only the MAP with lower O2 permeability (i.e., equilibrated at 1.8-8.0% O2) maintained flavor of sweet cherries compared to the standard macro-perforated liners at 0 °C. MAP with appropriate gas permeability (i.e., equilibrated at 5-8% O2 at 0 °C) may be suitable for commercial application to maintain flavor without damaging the fruit through fermentation, even if temperature fluctuations, common in commercial storage and shipping, do occur.Keywords: Prunus avium L., Respiration rate, Respiratory quotient, Modified atmosphere packaging, Flavor loss, Fermentation induction poin

Quality and physiological responses of two late-season sweet cherry cultivars 'Lapins' and 'Skeena' to modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) during simulated long distance ocean shipping

The production and export of late season sweet cherry cultivars continues to increase in the US Pacific Northwest (PNW). Major postharvest quality deterioration during long distance ocean shipping include flavor loss, off-flavor development, skin darkening, pedicel browning, pitting, and decay. In this research, three modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) liners with varied gas permeability were evaluated for their effect on quality deterioration and physiological changes of ‘Lapins’ and ‘Skeena’ during a simulated transit of 6 weeks at 0°C. Results showed that MAP2 (O₂ 6.5–7.5%, CO₂ 8.0–10.0%) reduced ascorbic acid (AsA) loss and lipid peroxidation, maintained flavor by retarding titratable acid loss and bitter taste formation, and kept brighter color by retarding anthocyanin synthesis compared to the macro-perforated polyethylene liner after 4 and 6 weeks. In contrast, MAP1 (O₂ 12.0–13.5%, CO₂ 5.0–7.0%) had little benefit on maintaining fruit flavor and skin color. MAP3 (O₂ 0.5–1.5%, CO₂ ∼ 10%), on the other hand, showed greater benefits in most of the quality attributes; however, fruit exhibited anaerobic off-flavor from a significant accumulation of ethanol, especially in ‘Skeena’. All three MAP liners reduced pedicel browning and decay but did not affect pitting and splitting. In conclusion, only the MAP with the most appropriate gas permeability, which maintained O₂ 6.5–7.5% and CO₂ 8.0–10.0%, slowed down fruit senescence and maintained quality with respect to flavor and skin color of the late season sweet cherry cultivars after long distance ocean shipping.Keywords: Prunus avium L., Off-flavor, MAP, Flavor loss, Lipid peroxidation, Skin darkening, Postharvest disordersKeywords: Prunus avium L., Off-flavor, MAP, Flavor loss, Lipid peroxidation, Skin darkening, Postharvest disorder

Sweet cherry cultivars for brining, freezing, and canning in Oregon

This publication gives an overview of processing cherry production in Oregon and describes cherry cultivars used for brining, freezing, and canning. It also provides information on diverting fresh-market cherries to the processing industry and developing strategies for profitability.Published February 2013. Reviewed March 2017. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogKeywords: sweet cherry, cherries, processing cherry, cherry cultivar, brinin

Shear Wave Splitting Analysis to Estimate Fracture Orientation and Frequency Dependent Anisotropy

Shear wave splitting is a well-known method for indication of orientation, radius, and length of fractures in subsurface layers. In this paper, a three component near offset VSP data acquired from a fractured sandstone reservoir in southern part of Iran was used to analyse shear wave splitting and frequency-dependent anisotropy assessment. Polarization angle obtained by performing rotation on radial and transverse components of VSP data was used to determine the direction of polarization of fast shear wave which corresponds to direction of fractures. It was shown that correct implementation of shear wave splitting analysis can be used for determination of fracture direction. During frequency- dependent anisotropy analysis, it was found that the time delays in shear- waves decrease as the frequency increases. It was clearly demonstrated throughout this study that anisotropy may have an inverse relationship with frequency. The analysis presented in this paper complements the studied conducted by other researchers in this field of research

A Novel Class of High-TC Ferromagnetic Semiconductors

We have grown single crystals of novel ruthenates (Sr,Ba)(Fe,Co){sub 2+x}Ru{sub 4-x}O{sub 11} that exhibit long-range ferromagnetic order well above room temperature, accompanied by narrow-gap semiconducting properties that include a large anomalous Hall conductance, low resistivity, high carrier concentration and low coercive field, which are properties well suited to spintronic applications. X-ray diffraction, EDX, neutron diffraction and x-ray absorption measurements on single crystals firmly establish the 'R-Type' hexagonal ferrite structure (space group P6{sub 3}/mmc, No 194) and single-phase nature of all samples. The electronic structure and physical properties can be tuned by simple chemical substitution of two elements, M = Fe or Co, or by varying the relative concentration of 3d solutes and 4d Ru. Our magnetotransport, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and magnetic moment data suggest the mechanism for FM order is quite different from that governing known dilute magnetic semiconductors

2015 pest management guide for tree fruits in the Mid-Columbia area : Hood River, The Dalles, White Salmon

Presents pesticide and herbicide application rates and recommendations, by tree growth stage, for pests that infect fruit trees. Covers apples, pears, and cherries. Provides (1) spray program for nutrients; (2) dilutions table for wettable powder and liquid products; (3) natural enemy impact guide for tree fruit pesticides; (4) illustrated bud development chart and associated stages for apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, and plums; (5) reentry levels for common pesticides; and 6) application rates for chemical thinning and growth regulator sprays.Revised January 2015. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogKeywords: pesticide, Mid-Columbia, honeybee hazard, tree fruit, pest management, fungicides, bactericides, pesticide safet

Four simple steps to pruning cherry trees on Gisela and other productive rootstocks

Tree vigor is important because more leaves mean more carbohydrate production and larger cherries. The production of high-quality cherries requires a gross canopy leaf area-to-fruit ratio of at least 200 cm2 of leaf area per fruit, which roughly translates to five leaves per fruit. Trees with a lower LA:F ratio are unable to manufacture enough carbohydrates to produce premium cherries. Pruning strategies for trees on productive rootstocks should focus on the following: • Thinning cuts to remove pendant (downward hanging) and weak wood and to improve light penetration into the tree • Stub cuts to reduce crop load and renew spurs • Heading cuts to encourage branching (leaf production) and reduce crop loadPublished January 2007. Reviewed August 2016. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Cuatro pasos sencillos para la poda de cerezos sobre Gisela y otros portainjertos productivos

Published January 2007. Reviewed July 2016. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogLa poda y conducción de cerezos sobre patrones productivos, tales como Gisela® 6 ó 12, requiere técnicas totalmente contrarias a la poda de árboles sobre patrones Mazzard. Para producir cerezas sobre Mazzard, hay que promover la precocidad y productividad del árbol; en cambio, para producir cerezas sobre portainjertos productivos, hay que reducir la carga frutal y aumentar el vigor del árbol. El vigor del árbol es importante porque una mayor cantidad de hojas significa mayor producción de carbohidratos y cerezas más grandes. Se necesita una área de 200 cm2 de hojas para cada cereza; esto equivale a cinco hojas por cereza. La poda de árboles sobre portainjertos productivos debe enfocarse sobre lo siguiente: • Cortes de entresaque para remover ramas pendientes o débiles y para mejorar la penetración de luz dentro del árbol • El troncón en ramas para reducir la carga frutal y renovar los espolones • El desmoche de ramas para estimular la ramificación (la producción de hojas) y reducir la carga fruta

Azimuthal anisotropy and correlations in the hard scattering regime at RHIC

Azimuthal anisotropy ($v_2$) and two-particle angular correlations of high $p_T$ charged hadrons have been measured in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=130 GeV for transverse momenta up to 6 GeV/c, where hard processes are expected to contribute significantly. The two-particle angular correlations exhibit elliptic flow and a structure suggestive of fragmentation of high $p_T$ partons. The monotonic rise of $v_2(p_T)$ for $p_T<2$ GeV/c is consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow calculations. At \pT>3 GeV/c a saturation of $v_2$ is observed which persists up to $p_T=6$ GeV/c.Comment: As publishe

Azimuthal anisotropy of K0S and Lambda + Lambda -bar production at midrapidity from Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV

We report STAR results on the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v2 for strange particles K0S, Lambda , and Lambda -bar at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The value of v2 as a function of transverse momentum, pt, of the produced particle and collision centrality is presented for both particles up to pt~3.0 GeV/c. A strong pt dependence in v2 is observed up to 2.0 GeV/c. The v2 measurement is compared with hydrodynamic model calculations. The physics implications of the pt integrated v2 magnitude as a function of particle mass are also discussed.Alle Autoren: C. Adler, Z. Ahammed, C. Allgower, J. Amonett, B. D. Anderson, M. Anderson, G. S. Averichev, J. Balewski, O. Barannikova, L. S. Barnby, J. Baudot, S. Bekele, V. V. Belaga, R. Bellwied, J. Berger, H. Bichsel, A. Billmeier, L. C. Bland, C. O. Blyth, B. E. Bonner, A. Boucham, A. Brandin, A. Bravar, R. V. Cadman, H. Caines, M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, A. Cardenas, J. Carroll, J. Castillo, M. Castro, D. Cebra, P. Chaloupka, S. Chattopadhyay, Y. Chen, S. P. Chernenko, M. Cherney, A. Chikanian, B. Choi, W. Christie, J. P. Coffin, T. M. Cormier, J. G. Cramer, H. J. Crawford, W. S. Deng, A. A. Derevschikov, L. Didenko, T. Dietel, J. E. Draper, V. B. Dunin, J. C. Dunlop, V. Eckardt, L. G. Efimov, V. Emelianov, J. Engelage, G. Eppley, B. Erazmus, P. Fachini, V. Faine, K. Filimonov, E. Finch, Y. Fisyak, D. Flierl, K. J. Foley, J. Fu, C. A. Gagliardi, N. Gagunashvili, J. Gans, L. Gaudichet, M. Germain, F. Geurts, V. Ghazikhanian, O. Grachov, V. Grigoriev, M. Guedon, E. Gushin, T. J. Hallman, D. Hardtke, J. W. Harris, T. W. Henry, S. Heppelmann, T. Herston, B. Hippolyte, A. Hirsch, E. Hjort, G. W. Hoffmann, M. Horsley, H. Z. Huang, T. J. Humanic, G. Igo, A. Ishihara, Yu. I. Ivanshin, P. Jacobs, W. W. Jacobs, M. Janik, I. Johnson, P. G. Jones, E. G. Judd, M. Kaneta, M. Kaplan, D. Keane, J. Kiryluk, A. Kisiel, J. Klay, S. R. Klein, A. Klyachko, A. S. Konstantinov, M. Kopytine, L. Kotchenda, A. D. Kovalenko, M. Kramer, P. Kravtsov, K. Krueger, C. Kuhn, A. I. Kulikov, G. J. Kunde, C. L. Kunz, R. Kh. Kutuev, A. A. Kuznetsov, L. Lakehal-Ayat, M. A. C. Lamont, J. M. Landgraf, S. Lange, C. P. Lansdell, B. Lasiuk, F. Laue, A. Lebedev, R. Lednický, V. M. Leontiev, M. J. LeVine, Q. Li, S. J. Lindenbaum, M. A. Lisa, F. Liu, L. Liu, Z. Liu, Q. J. Liu, T. Ljubicic, W. J. Llope, G. LoCurto, H. Long, R. S. Longacre, M. Lopez-Noriega, W. A. Love, T. Ludlam, D. Lynn, J. Ma, R. Majka, S. Margetis, C. Markert, L. Martin, J. Marx, H. S. Matis, Yu. A. Matulenko, T. S. McShane, F. Meissner, Yu. Melnick, A. Meschanin, M. Messer, M. L. Miller, Z. Milosevich, N. G. Minaev, J. Mitchell, V. A. Moiseenko, C. F. Moore, V. Morozov, M. M. de Moura, M. G. Munhoz, J. M. Nelson, P. Nevski, V. A. Nikitin, L. V. Nogach, B. Norman, S. B. Nurushev, G. Odyniec, A. Ogawa, V. Okorokov, M. Oldenburg, D. Olson, G. Paic, S. U. Pandey, Y. Panebratsev, S. Y. Panitkin, A. I. Pavlinov, T. Pawlak, V. Perevoztchikov, W. Peryt, V. A Petrov, M. Planinic, J. Pluta, N. Porile, J. Porter, A. M. Poskanzer, E. Potrebenikova, D. Prindle, C. Pruneau, J. Putschke, G. Rai, G. Rakness, O. Ravel, R. L. Ray, S. V. Razin, D. Reichhold, J. G. Reid, F. Retiere, A. Ridiger, H. G. Ritter, J. B. Roberts, O. V. Rogachevski, J. L. Romero, A. Rose, C. Roy, V. Rykov, I. Sakrejda, S. Salur, J. Sandweiss, A. C. Saulys, I. Savin, J. Schambach, R. P. Scharenberg, N. Schmitz, L. S. Schroeder, A. Schüttauf, K. Schweda, J. Seger, D. Seliverstov, P. Seyboth, E. Shahaliev, K. E. Shestermanov, S. S. Shimanskii, V. S. Shvetcov, G. Skoro, N. Smirnov, R. Snellings, P. Sorensen, J. Sowinski, H. M. Spinka, B. Srivastava, E. J. Stephenson, R. Stock, A. Stolpovsky, M. Strikhanov, B. Stringfellow, C. Struck, A. A. P. Suaide, E. Sugarbaker, C. Suire, M. Šumbera, B. Surrow, T. J. M. Symons, A. Szanto de Toledo, P. Szarwas, A. Tai, J. Takahashi, A. H. Tang, J. H. Thomas, M. Thompson, V. Tikhomirov, M. Tokarev, M. B. Tonjes, T. A. Trainor, S. Trentalange, R. E. Tribble, V. Trofimov, O. Tsai, T. Ullrich, D. G. Underwood, G. Van Buren, A. M. VanderMolen, I. M. Vasilevski, A. N. Vasiliev, S. E. Vigdor, S. A. Voloshin, F. Wang, H. Ward, J. W. Watson, R. Wells, G. D. Westfall, C. Whitten, Jr., H. Wieman, R. Willson, S. W. Wissink, R. Witt, J. Wood, N. Xu, Z. Xu, A. E. Yakutin, E. Yamamoto, J. Yang, P. Yepes, V. I. Yurevich, Y. V. Zanevski, I. Zborovský, H. Zhang, W. M. Zhang, R. Zoulkarneev, and A. N. Zubarev (STAR Collaboration