75 research outputs found
New physical principles of contact thermoelectric cooling
We suggest a new approach to the theory of the contact thermoelectric cooling
(Peltier effect). The metal-metal, metal-n-type semiconductor, metal-p-type
semiconductor, p-n junction contacts are analyzed. Both degenerate and
non-degenerate electron and hole gases are considered. The role of
recombination in the contact cooling effect is discussed by the first time.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, revtex
The Nature of Thermopower in Bipolar Semiconductors
The thermoemf in bipolar semiconductors is calculated. It is shown that it is
necessary to take into account the nonequilibrium distribution of electron and
hole concentrations (Fermi quasilevels of the electrons and holes). We find
that electron and hole electric conductivities of contacts of semiconductor
samples with connecting wires make a substantial contribution to thermoemf.Comment: 17 pages, RevTeX 3.0 macro packag
NEAR THE ORIGINS OF MILLIMETER WAVE RADAR (90-th anniversary of Vadym Π. Razskazovsky)
This paper is dedicated to the 90-th anniversary of Vadym Borysovych Razskazovsky, an outstanding scientist in the fields of radio engineering and radio science, holder of the titles and positions like DSc (Engineering), Professor, and Head of the Statistical radio physics department at the O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radio Physics and Electronics within the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° βΠ±ΠΎΠ»Ρβ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ. Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 1-Π°Ρ: ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅. Π€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ βΠ±ΠΎΠ»Ρβ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»Ρ. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ (Π¦ΠΠ‘). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π¦ΠΠ‘ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ βΠ±ΠΎΠ»Ρβ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
, Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ (ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°, Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
β Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ β ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ, Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ². ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²: 1) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ β Π°) ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½Π°-ΠΌΠΈ; Π±)ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ; Π²) Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ; 2) ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ β Π°) Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½Π° (Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ); Π±)ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ β ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡ. Π¨ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π΅. ΠΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ βΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ².
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π¦ΠΠ‘ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ βΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅β, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ
Stabilization of acromioclavicular joint using DogBone dynamic system (Arthrex): a literature review and long-term follow-up
Objectives The purpose of the study was to evaluate long-term follow-ups of stabilized acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocations using button dynamic
system applied via arthroscopic technique or mini-open. Material and methods The review included follow-ups of 40 patients (39 males, 1 female) who
underwent 40 ACJ stabilization procedures with Arthrex DogBone button between 2014 and 2017 using arthroscopy (n = 28) or mini-open technique (n = 12).
The mean age of the patients was 34 years (range, 15 to 59 years). Patient reported outcomes were evaluated with UCLA shoulder rating scale, American
Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder score and the Constant Shoulder Score (CSS). Coraco-Clavicular Distance (Π‘Π‘D) was measured on preand
postoperative anteroposterior views. Postoperative AP view was used to measure Clavicular Tunnel Distance (CTD). Arthroscopy patients had available
preoperative radiographs (n = 21), postoperative radiographs (n = 26) and patient reported outcomes (n = 18). Mini open group had available preoperative
radiographs (n = 2), postoperative radiographs (n=8) and patient reported outcomes (n = 8). Results One hundred percent of Arthroscopy/Mini open (26/26)
cases were rated as excellent and good on UCLA shoulder rating scale at a long-term follow-up. One hundred percent of Arthroscopy patients (18/18) were rated
as excellent and good; 75 % (6/8) of Mini-open cases evaluated as excellent and 25 % (2/8) as good on ASES shoulder score. Sixty seven percent of Arthroscopy
(12/18) patients were rated as excellent and 33 % (6/18) as good; 62 % (5/8) of Mini open cases evaluated as excellent and 38 % (3/8) as good. Neither fair nor
poor results were observed in both groups. No statistically significant differences were detected in median scores between Arthroscopy and Miniopen groups
(p > 0.05). Preoperative radiographs showed Tossy grade IV dislocation (n = 3) and Tossy grade III (n = 20). Distal clavicle fracture was diagnosed in 2 cases.
Median preoperative CCD radiologically measured 15.5 mm in both groups (n = 23). Median postoperative CCD and CTD radiologically measured 6.12 mm
and 28.9 mm in both groups (n = 35), correspondingly. Decrease in postoperative CCD was significantly different (p = 0.0003). No statistically significant
differences in postoperative CCD were detected between Arthroscopy and Miniopen groups (p > 0.05). Statistically significant differences in preoperative
CCD were observed in both groups (n = 15) using weight-bearing/no weight-bearing AP views (P = 0.0009). Conclusion Stabilization of dislocated ACJ with
dynamic systems is the method of choice providing excellent and good outcomes rated by UCLA rating scale, ASES shoulder score and CSS at long-term
follow-up. One-stage surgical treatment is an advantage of dynamic systems with no need of construct removal. Standard and weighted stress radiographs of
the involved side indicate to ACJ injury in comparison with contralateral side. Further research is needed for a longer term follow-up with the bone reduction
maintained with dynamic system
Wastage amidst shortage: Strategies for the mitigation of standby electricity in residential sector in Nigeria
Abstract : Due to rising population and the increasing rate of urbanization, residential electricity usage accounts for a large chunk of Nigeriaβs electricity consumption. However, little attention is paid to electricity conservation in the country. In response to this, several studies are been tailored to ensure a rapid reduction in energy consumption through various alternatives including energy efficient technologies given the current state of inadequate electricity supply in the country. On this note, this article discusses the significance of standby electricity in Nigeria. The electricity generation and consumption patterns were briefly discussed while the current electricity saving behaviour and practices among the urban dwellers were detailed with a case study analysed. Based on the case study, it was discovered that the mean standby load across the 30 households were estimated at 60 W ranging from 34-144 W. Also, standby consumption accounts for 13-44% of the annual electricity consumption across the households. Finally, the strategies for electricity saving and sustainable consumption, most especially the mitigation of standby electricity were highlighted
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Ρ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ
The research of the influence of drug containing Indole-3-carbinol in combination with Kipferon on morphofunctional condition of endometrium with anomalous uterine bleedings is carried out. Ineffectiveness of hormonotherapy at pathological conditions of endometrium is specified by reduction of expression of estrogens and progesterone receptors. Suggested method is effective due to anti-inflammatory and receptocorrecting effect, and probably, is recommended in the case of simple hyperplasia in combination with chronic endometrium in the stage of preparing endometrium for hormonal therapy.ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ»-3-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ», Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
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