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    Tuberculosis and HIV β€” Doubling the Fatality

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    Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV/AIDS infection are one of the most ubiquitous and deadliest communicable diseases in the world. They cause millions of deaths each year and are recognized as major threats for public health worldwide. The corresponding pathogens (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV) share overlapping epidemiologyβ€”they affect low-income countries and place an immense burden on their feeble health care systems. Over the last decades, the natural history of both diseases has changed; in addition to devastating single HIV and TB infections, the coinfection with both pathogens has emerged and has spread in pandemic scale. When present as dual infection in an individual, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV potentiate each other and kill in cooperation the host. TB is the leading cause of death in HIV-positive patients and in turn HIV infection is the strongest risk factor for the development of new or reactivation of dormant TB disease. Both pathogens (as single or dual infection) provoke a robust immune response in the infected host but the immune system does not achieve to eliminate the infectious agent(s). The failure of immune defense results in vulnerable immune balance between the micro- and the macroorganism and often ends up in a fatal outcome

    Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing microorganisms as causes of urinary tract infections in ambulatory and hospitalized patients in childhood - characteristics and epidemiology. // Π¨ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡŠΡ€Π½ΠΈ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠ°Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ‰ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ хоспитализирани ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ – характСристика ΠΈ СпидСмиология.

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    [EN] The theme of the thesis is "Extended spectrum betalactamase producing microorganisms as causes of urinary tract infections in ambulatory and hospitalized patients in childhood characteristics and epidemiology". The author of the study is Neli Mitkova Lodozova, who is a assistant professor in MU Varna, under the guidance of Prof. dr. Krasimir Metodiev (MU Varna) and Assoc. prof. Dimitrichka Bliznakova (MU Varna). Thesis includes 15 sections, 120 literature sources, as most of the publications cited are from the last 10 years. A considerable attention is paid to the scientific work of the leading Bulgarian specialists worked on the problem. For the purpose of the thesis have been used 4204 pieces of urine samples, provided from three medical diagnostic laboratories in the city of Varna - "Laborekspres 2000", "St. Anna ", "RHI - Varna". Samples are from pediatric patients - up to 18 years and taken in 2010-2012 year. The first part of the paper is a detailed literature review that presents anatomical characteristics of the urinary system, the main characteristics of urinary infections and their causes, nature of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing microorganisms (ESBLs), and their dissemination in the world, in Europe and in Bulgaria. The paper set and executed tasks to characterize specific antibiotic drugs and Ξ²-lactam group they belong to, witch are not effective against ESBL-strains and thus those that can still be effectively implemented to combat these bacteria as and presented morbidity of urinary infections in children, caused by ESBL-producing organisms of the family Enterobacteriaceae, several epidemiologichni indicator - sex and age structure, type of disease agent. Results and their discussion are presented in the following sections - general data, positive for the presence of an infectious agent urine samples, identified ESBL-positive strains of all samples, grouped by sex, age and antibiotic resistance. Results are divided into three groups, according to the samples in the three laboratories: for example, the data from "Laborekspres 2000" shows that, from 3702 urine samples, taken from children, 719 were positive for the presence of an infectious agent which represents 19% of them. Out of 353 tested samples from "St. Anna ", 85 were positive for the same indicator, ie 24% in β€œRZI-Varna”, 149 samples tested, 30 were positive - 20%. This means, that there is a relatively constant rate (with minimal deviations from 19% to 24%) reported positive tests in different laboratories. A difference by sex has been found out, in the three medical institutions. As a result, from 493 girls with positive urine infection, tested in three laboratories, 32 are ESBLs, which is 6.5% and for boys - from 340 samples, 16 were proven multidrug-resistant strains of the species, ie 4.7%. The separation by age group also gives a very clear picture:the results from the three laboratories shows that the largest share of clients are 1-3 years old children. In "Laborekspres" they are 224 719 people (31%) in "St. Anna "- 28 of the 85 patients with positive test for urinary tract infection, ie 32%, while in β€œRZI-Varna” - 12 of 30 people (40% of the positive urine samples). Through analysis of the date from the three laboratories, a variety number of microorganisms has been found in the samples. In general the microorganisms are mainly Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., have the highest share, which supports the results of several other studies conducted by other authors. Since the main purpose of the dissertation work is a broad spectrum Ξ²-lactamase producing organisms (ESBLs), it will be allocated for the type of microorganism is of particular importance. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in 48 ESBL- isolates identified in total urine samples, the largest number are those with E. coli - 22 (whose share in % corresponds to 45% of all detected extended spectrum beta-lactamase-containing microorganisms in the three laboratories for the period), followed by a 14 number of K. pneumoniae (29% of ESBLs), 5 E. aerogenes (10%) 4 K. oxytoca (8%) 2 E. cloacae (4%) and 1 M. morganii (2%). Considering the data obtained from the establishment of ESBL-isolates, the author draws the following conclusions: E. coli represent almost half of all isolated bacteria containing spectrum beta-lactamases (47%) or 22 isolates. This value of ESBLs in type represents 5% of all detected E. coli, as a cause of urinary tract infections in pediatric patients in three laboratories. K. pneumoniae is the second most common ESBL-isolate, which represents 29% of beta-lactamase-containing bacteria. Other types of bacteria present presence of the enzyme beta-lactamase are E. aerogenes, K. oxytoca, E. cloacae and M. morganii. Mixed infections of two, rarely three microorganisms give priority to E. coli, present in 77% of cases. Thoroughly analyzed part of the study antibiotic resistance, and for this purpose the results are presented in tables, giving excellent visibility of what is found. Conclusions and recommendations include concrete conclusions, which are 14 in number. From the collected and processed data author gives recommendations aimed at health professionals involved in the detection of ESBL-containing bacteria to doctors who employ appropriate treatment of a patient diagnosed with urinary tract infection, to units of health, aiming combat antibiotic resistance and not least in patients with urinary tract infections, which must be aware of the risks that a seemingly harmless healing. The contributions of the thesis are of particular importance for the Municipality of Varna, where author of the thesis lives and works, and where there is the opportunity to give their expertise to improve the situation with frequent urinary tract infections in childhood.[BG] Π’Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° дисСртационния Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ Π΅ "Π¨ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡŠΡ€Π½ΠΈ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠ°Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ‰ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Π΅Π·ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ хоспитализирани ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ Π² дСтска Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ - характСристика ΠΈ СпидСмиология". Автор Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π΅ НСли ΠœΠΈΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π›ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π» Π² МУ-Π’Π°Ρ€Π½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€ΡŠΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„. Π΄-Ρ€ ΠšΡ€Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ€ ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ΅Π² (МУ-Π’Π°Ρ€Π½Π°) ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡ†. Π΄-Ρ€ Π”ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Π‘Π»ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° (МУ-Π’Π°Ρ€Π½Π°). ДисСртационния Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π²Π° 15 Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, 120 Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ голямата част ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ са ΠΎΡ‚ послСдни 10 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Π—Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π±ΡŠΠ»Π³Π°Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΈ спСциалисти Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°. Π—Π° Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° дисСртационния Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ са заимствани 4 204 броя ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-диагностични Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° тСриторията Π½Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ Π’Π°Ρ€Π½Π° – β€žΠ›Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ 2000”, β€žΠ‘Π². Анна”, β€žΠ Π—Π˜ – Варна”. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ са ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ Π² дСтска Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ - Π΄ΠΎ 18 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° 2010-2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠŸΡŠΡ€Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° част Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€, ΠΊΠΎΠΉΡ‚ΠΎ прСдставя Π°Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ особСности Π½Π° ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° систСма, основнитС характСристики Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡŠΡ‰Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ Π½Π° ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡŠΡ€Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠ°Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ (ESBLs), ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ тяхното разпространСниС Π² свСта, Π² Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ° ΠΈ Π² Π‘ΡŠΠ»Π³Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ. Π’ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° са Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ изпълнСни Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΄Π° сС Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ Ξ²-Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ°, към която спадат, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ са Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ спрямо ESBL-Ρ‰Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΡŠΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅Π·ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ всС ΠΎΡ‰Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Ρ‚ Π² Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±Π°Ρ‚Π° с Ρ‚Π΅Π·ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π° сС прСдстави заболяваСмостта Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π°, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ ESBL-ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‰ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ сСм. Enterobacteriaceae, ΠΏΠΎ няколко Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈoΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° – ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π° структура, Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π° инфСкциозния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π». ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ тяхното обсъТданС са прСдставСни Π² слСднитС Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ – ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π» ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈ ESBL-Ρ‰Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ всички ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ, Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ», Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° рСзистСнтност. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ са Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈ, ΡΡŠΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° изслСдванията Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π² Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΡ€Π΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ: Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, Π² ΠœΠ”Π› β€žΠ›Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ 2000”, ΠΎΡ‚ изслСдванитС Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° 3 702 ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π°, 719 са ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π», ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ прСдставлява 19% ΠΎΡ‚ тях. ΠžΡ‚ 353 изслСдвани ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ Π² Π£Π½ΠΈΠ². Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° β€žΠ‘Π². Анна”, 85 са ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡŠΡ‰ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π», Ρ‚.Π΅. 24%, Π° Π² Π Π—Π˜-Π’Π°Ρ€Π½Π°, ΠΎΡ‚ 149 изслСдвани ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ, 30 са ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ – 20%. ВоСст, ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ Ρ€Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ постоянСн ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ (с ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ отклонСния, ΠΎΡ‚ 19% Π΄ΠΎ 24%) Π½Π° ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ тСстовС Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ. УстановСно Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ» ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ изслСдванитС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ мСдицински завСдСния. ΠžΡ‚ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΎ 493 ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π° с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π° Π·Π° инфСкция, изслСдвани Π² Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ, 32 са ESBLs, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅ 6,5 %, Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° – ΠΎΡ‚ 340 ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ, 16 са с Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ мултирСзистСнтни Ρ‰Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°, Ρ‚.Π΅. 4,7 %. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π΅Π½ Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π° отклонСнията Π² ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ намаляванС Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ» Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡƒΡ‡Π²Π°Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ установява статистичСска достовСрност Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π² Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π°Π·ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈ ΡΡŠΡ‰ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π° Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ясно ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π°: Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ сочат, Ρ‡Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΉ-голям дял ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ във Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ 1-3 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Π’ ΠœΠ”Π› β€žΠ›Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρβ€ Ρ‚Π΅ са 224 ΠΎΡ‚ 719 Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠΈ (31 %), Π² Π£Π½ΠΈΠ². Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° β€žΠ‘Π². Анна” – 28 ΠΎΡ‚ 85 ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π° Π·Π° уроинфСкция, Ρ‚.Π΅. 32 %, Π° Π² Π Π—Π˜-Π’Π°Ρ€Π½Π° – 12 ΠΎΡ‚ 30 Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠΈ ( 40 % ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°). Анализирайки Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ изслСдванията Π² Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ, Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Π½ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ, установСни Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. Най-ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° сС посочи, Ρ‡Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ са Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ Π“Ρ€Π°ΠΌ-ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ E. coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., са с Π½Π°ΠΉ-висок дял, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π° подкрСпя Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†Π° Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ изслСдвания, Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ. Въй ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ основната Ρ†Π΅Π» Π½Π° дисСртационната Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π΅ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡŠΡ€Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ξ²-Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠ°Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ‰ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ (ESBLs), Ρ‚ΠΎ тяхното Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡŠΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ° особСно Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. АкцСнтира сС Π²ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°, Ρ‡Π΅ Π² 48-Ρ‚Π΅ ESBL- ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π°, установСни Π² общия Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π½Π°ΠΉ-голям Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠΉ са Ρ‚Π΅Π·ΠΈ с E. coli – 22 (Ρ‡ΠΈΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ дял Π² % отговаря Π½Π° 45 % ΠΎΡ‚ всички Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡŠΡ€Π½ΠΈ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠ°Π·Π°- ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ Π² Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°), слСдвани ΠΎΡ‚ 14 броя K. pneumoniae (29 % ΠΎΡ‚ ESBLs), 5 E. aerogenes (10 %), 4 K. oxytoca (8 %), 2 E. cloacae (4 %) ΠΈ 1 M. morganii (2 %). ΠžΡ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ установяванСто Π½Π° ESBL-ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡŠΡ‚ стига Π΄ΠΎ слСднитС ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ: E. coli прСдставляват ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ‚ всички ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡŠΡ€Π½ΠΈ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΈ (47 %) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 22 ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π°. Π’Π°Π·ΠΈ стойност Π½Π° ESBLs ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° прСдставлява 5 % ΠΎΡ‚ всички Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ E. coli, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ Π² дСтска Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ Π² Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ. K. pneumoniae Π΅ вторият Π½Π°ΠΉ-чСсто срСщан ESBL-ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ‚, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ прСдставлява 29 % ΠΎΡ‚ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°- Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠ°Π·Π°-ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠžΡΡ‚Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ прСдставят Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠ°Π·Π° са E. aerogenes, K. oxytoca, E. cloacae ΠΈ M. morganii. БмСсСнитС ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π²Π°, ΠΈ рядко Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π° E. coli, прСдставСн Π² 77% ΠΎΡ‚ случаитС. ΠžΠ±ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° частта с изслСдваната Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊ рСзистСнтност, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Π·Π° Ρ†Π΅Π»Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ са прСдставСни с Ρ‚Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ, Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‰ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° онаглСдяСмост Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅ установСно. Π’ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡŠΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π²Π°Ρ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ са 14 Π½Π° Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠΉ. На Π±Π°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΡΡŠΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Π΄Π°Π²Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡŠΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ са насочСни към Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ към дСтСкцията Π½Π° ESBL-ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, към Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ ΡΡŠΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ с диагностицирана уроинфСкция, към Π·Π²Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ Π·Π° Ρ†Π΅Π» Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±Π° с Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° рСзистСнтност ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½Π° послСдно място към ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ с ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ трябва Π΄Π° са Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ с рисковСтС, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΡŠΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ самолСчСниС. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° дисСртационния Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ ΠΎΡ‚ особСна ваТност са Π·Π° ΠžΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Π° Π’Π°Ρ€Π½Π°, ΠΊΡŠΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡŠΡ‚ Π½Π° дисСртационния Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄, ΠΈ ΠΊΡŠΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π²ΡŠΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ Π΄Π° Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅ своята СкспСртиза Π·Π° подобряванС Π½Π° ситуацията със зачСстяващитС ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² дСтска Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚

    HEPATITIS B INFECTION IN EASTERN REGIONS OF BULGARIA

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    Background: Bulgaria is a country of moderate endemicity for hepatitis B infection with 3-7% of the general population chronically infected with the virus. Since 1991, an obligatory vaccination has been implemented for all healthy newborns. As a result, twenty years later, hepatitis B prevalence is significantly reduced but viral hepatitides still represent an important public health problem that needs to be addressed especially in some ethno-religious and regional groups. Purpose: No recent published data are available about hepatitis B circulation in Bulgaria and in its Eastern part particularly. In the current study, we analyze the epidemiological data on hepatitis B cases in easternmost Bulgarian regions and try to determine the possible risk, which the infection poses to public health in these regions. Material/Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis (2008-2014) using epidemiological data from the National surveillance system for hepatitis B notification. Results: The incidence of acute hepatitis B in all considered regions has been durably decreasing for the last seven years: while in 2014 its total value was 9,69%000, in 2014 it reached a minimal rate of 3,09%000. We found that young individuals in their 20s years (the borderline generation before and after implementation of mandatory vaccination) are most vulnerable to hepatitis B. South regions are also more affected by hepatitis B infection when compared with regions on the North. Conclusions: We reported a stable downward trend in the incidence of hepatitis B infection in all studied regions of Bulgaria. This result can be directly linked with the presence of effective vaccination program at national level

    KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C AMONG DENTAL MEDICINE STUDENTS.

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    Background: Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C viruses (HCV) are highly contagious and important occupational hazard for health workers. Dental practice often includes direct contact with patients’ body fluids and exposure at high degree to potentially HBV and HCV infected materials and instruments. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of knowledge about hepatitis B and C infections and the attitude towards hepatitis B virus vaccination among Dental Medicine students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 96 students of Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Varna in March, 2015. The questionnaire contained 22 questions divided into 4 major sections. SPSS ver.16 software package was used for statistical data processing. Results: Most of the participants (82,3 %) considered hepatitis B and C as serious diseases and had positive attitude towards HBV vaccination (75 %). Almost 90 % considered that dental practice could enhance the risk of infection with HBV and HCV. Unfortunately, only 57,4 % of students knew their vaccination status and 13,9 % had checked HBV antibodiesβ€˜ level. Conclusions: The majority of respondents demonstrated a high level of knowledge of HBV and HCV infections. All participants were aware about the risk of potential HBV and HCV transmission in their future practice and anticipated applying preventive measures at work. However, deeper information about HBV vaccination and checking anti HBs titer is still needed among dental students, as well continuous target education in the field
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