Anti-PT seroprevalence at T1 in all villages according to age category.

a<p>Chi-square test has been performed.</p>b<p>Kruskal-Wallis test between IgG responses according to the villages.</p>c<p>Mann-Whitney test has been performed for children of the same villages.</p

Flow of participants through the study.

<p>Flow of participants through the study.</p

Seroprevalence of anti-PT IgG concentrations according to the village and visit for children younger (panel A) and older than 3 years (panel B).

<p>Chi-square test between seropositive children (anti-PT IgG concentration >30 IU/ml) and seronegative children at each visit within villages: panel A.: Agniam, <b>p = 0.3588</b>; Fanaye, p = 0.5227; Niandane, p = 0.4056; Pendao, p = 0.4276; Guédé, p = 0.9928; panel B.: Agniam, <b>p<0.0008</b>; Fanaye, p = 0.7641; Niandane, p = 0.2280; Pendao, p = 0.3292; Guédé, p = 0.1754.</p

Description of the cohort at the beginning of the survey (T1).

a<p>ANOVA test of age differences between children of all villages, and between ages of children of all villages according to their vaccination status.</p>b<p>Chi-square test to assess the gender distribution among villages and distribution of children within villages according to their vaccination status.</p><p>2 children were not vaccinated, one from Fanaye, and the other from Pendao.</p

PT-IgG responses at T1.

a<p>One-way ANOVA between IgG responses according to villages.</p>b<p>Chi-square test between seroprevalence according to villages.</p

Seroconversion throughout the visits in each village.

<p>Chi-square test between number of seroconverters (sera becoming newly positive to PT) and rest of population from the village.</p

PT-IgG >30 IU/ml at T1 according to age categories and villages.

<p>Percentages of children with PT-IgG >30 IU/ml at the first visit in every village.</p><p>Total number of children within age category is in brackets.</p

Specific Ab responses to PfMSP1-₁₉ in children infected by <i>P. falciparum</i> (<i>Pf</i> - n = 40) and coinfected with <i>S. haematobium</i> (<i>Pf-Sh</i> - n = 39) as determined by ELISA.

<p>Results represent individual values of ΔOD and bars are the arithmetic mean for each group. Statistical significance between each group is indicated. (A) isotypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, (B) isotypes IgA and IgE.</p

Specific cytokine production to PfMSP1-₁₉ and Schizont extract in children infected by <i>P. falciparum</i> (<i>Pf</i>, n = 40) or coinfected by <i>P. falciparum</i> and <i>S. haematobium</i> (<i>Pf-Sh,</i> n = 39).

a<p>: Results are mean ± SEM of individual specific production (after subtracting the amount detected in unstimulated medium control cultures for each individual).</p>b<p>: P value between <i>Pf</i> and <i>Pf/Sh</i> groups (nonparametric Mann-Whitney <i>U test</i>). Differences are considered significant for P<0.05.</p

Specific Ab responses to schizont extract in children infected by <i>P. falciparum</i> (<i>Pf</i> - n = 40) and coinfected with <i>S. haematobium</i> (<i>Pf-Sh</i> - n = 39) as determined by ELISA.

<p>Results represent individual values of ΔOD and bars are the arithmetic mean for each group. Statistical significance between each group is indicated. (A) isotypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, (B) isotypes IgA and IgE.</p