Demographics and neuropsychological data for all groups.

<p>All values are indicated as mean ± standard deviation except gender. p value indicates the value for the main effect of each group, as assessed with analyses of variance(ANOVA) for each variable except for gender, where a contingency chi-square was performed. Statistics for post hoc 2-by-2 group comparisons are provided as significant differences:</p>a<p>from CN at p<0.01;</p>b<p>from CN at p<0.05.</p>c<p>from EMCI at p<0.01;</p>d<p>from EMCI at p<0.05;</p>e<p>from LMCI at p<0.01.</p><p>MMSE =  mini mental state examination; CDR = clinical dementia rating scale; ADAS  =  Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale; RAVLT =  Rey auditory verbal learning test; FAQ =  functional activities questionnaire.</p

Images represent statistical parametric mapping depicting (spectrum color bars) t-statistical contrast overlaid on a group structural MRI. Right images represent voxel-based statistical differences comparing [¹⁸F]AV45 retention (EMCI > CN).

<p>Left images represents voxel-based statistical differences comparing [¹⁸F]FDG uptake (EMCI < CN).</p

Summary of the imaging analysis methods.

<p>Summary of the imaging analysis methods.</p

Global [¹⁸F]AV45 and [¹⁸F]FDG uptake in all groups.

<p>All values are indicated as mean ± standard deviation. p value indicates the value for the main effect of each group, as assessed with analyses of variance(ANOVA) for each variable. Statistics for post hoc 2-by-2 group comparisons are provided as significant differences:</p>a<p>from CN at p<0.01;</p>b<p>from CN at p<0.05.</p>c<p>from EMCI at p<0.01;</p>d<p>from EMCI at p<0.05;</p>e<p>from LMCI at p<0.01.</p

Images represent statistical parametric mapping depicting (spectrum color bars) t-statistical contrast overlaid on a group structural MRI.

<p>Right images represent voxel-based statistical differences comparing [¹⁸F]AV45 retention (LMCI > EMCI). Left images represents voxel-based statistical differences comparing [¹⁸F]FDG uptake (LMCI < EMCI).</p

[¹⁸F]AV45 (left) and [¹⁸F]FDG (right) average images obtained from controls (CN), early MCI (EMCI), late MCI (LMCI) and Alzheimer’s dementia patients (AD).

<p>In [¹⁸F]AV45, there is a reduction of gray and white matter contrast in EMCI, LMCI and AD in comparison with CN. Note the PCC and IPC [¹⁸F]FDG SUVR reduction in LMCI and AD in comparison with CN.</p

Images represent statistical parametric mapping depicting (spectrum color bars) t-statistical contrast overlaid on a group structural MRI.

<p>Right images represent voxel-based statistical differences comparing [¹⁸F]AV45 retention (AD > LMCI). Left images represents voxel-based statistical differences comparing [¹⁸F]FDG uptake (AD < LMCI).</p

FA and MD group statistics.

<p>All parts display voxels showing abnormal FA and MD on TBSS skeleton. Statistically significant group differences of MD (yellow), FA (blue) are shown. A shows the aMCI>CN contrast for the MCSA cohort while B-E show contrasts from the ADNI cohort. Notice C and D show overlap of MD and FA in red. Contrasts not shown were not significant.</p

Summary of DTI imaging acquisition, processing and statistical outcomes.

<p>Note that DTI acquisition parameters differ for the two cohort, however, the analytical pipeline is identical for the ADNI and MCSA cohorts. Arrows indicate the flow of data through the pipeline. *Hippocampal VOI was estimated using individualized brain segmentations.</p

Global and regional magnitude of WM abnormalities in patient population.

<div><p>A shows that magnitude of global MD, FA and HSC abnormalities does not differ among patient groups (One way ANOVA (p=0.0018; F=3.212; df=8). In contrast, regional MD abnormalities predominates in aMCI (purple box) while FA abnormalities arises in AD (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0074776#pone-0074776-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2B</a> -- one way ANOVA (p<0.0001; F=7.74; df=8).</p> <p>Student-Newman-Keuls Post-hoc test ***, p=0.001; **,p=0.01.</p></div